Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mitosis?

• A. The replication of DNA
• B. The condensation of chromosomes
• C. The separation of sister chromatids
• D. The formation of haploid cells

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: A) The replication of DNA is a characteristic of mitosis. Before cell division occurs, the DNA is replicated to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information. B) The condensation of chromosomes is a characteristic of mitosis. During mitosis, the chromosomes condense and become visible under a microscope as distinct structures. C) The separation of sister chromatids is a crucial step in mitosis. During anaphase, the sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles of the cell to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. D) The formation of haploid cells is NOT a characteristic of mitosis. Mitosis results in the formation of two identical diploid daughter cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Haploid cells are typically formed through the process of meiosis, not mitosis.

2. Which hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, is essential for regulating electrolyte balance, particularly sodium and potassium, in the body?

• A. Aldosterone
• B. Epinephrine
• C. Cortisol
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in maintaining electrolyte balance, specifically by regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body. Its primary function involves acting on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water while promoting the excretion of potassium. This process is essential for regulating blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte concentrations in the body. Epinephrine is associated with the fight or flight response, cortisol is a stress hormone, and insulin is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels as produced by the pancreas. Therefore, the correct answer is Aldosterone as it directly targets electrolyte balance, particularly sodium and potassium, in the body.

3. In a scientific investigation, what is the first step?

• A. Analysis of results
• B. Drawing conclusions
• C. Formation of hypothesis
• D. Performing the experiment

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Formation of hypothesis. In a scientific investigation, forming a hypothesis is the initial step. A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction based on existing knowledge and observations. It helps guide the experiment and provides a direction for the research process. Without a hypothesis, there is no specific aim or goal for the experiment. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they occur after the formation of a hypothesis. Analysis of results and drawing conclusions typically come after the experiment has been conducted, while performing the experiment is done to test the hypothesis formed at the beginning of the investigation.

4. What is the purpose of the periosteum, the tough outer layer of bone?

• A. Produces red blood cells
• B. Provides protection and nourishment to bone
• C. Forms the joint surface
• D. Stores minerals

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The periosteum, the tough outer layer of bone, serves the purpose of providing protection to the bone and nourishing it through the blood vessels it contains. It acts as a protective layer for the bone structures. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the periosteum does not produce red blood cells (which is the function of bone marrow), form joint surfaces (which is typically the role of articular cartilage), or store minerals (which is primarily done by bone tissue itself and not the periosteum).

5. After a person eats birthday cake, which of the following enzymes is needed to break down the sucrose in the cake?

• A. Lactase
• B. Maltase
• C. Peptidase
• D. Sucrase

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Sucrase is the correct enzyme needed to break down sucrose into its component sugars, glucose, and fructose. Lactase is responsible for breaking down lactose, maltase for maltose, and peptidase for proteins; therefore, they are not the enzymes required to digest sucrose specifically. In the context of digesting birthday cake, which contains sucrose, sucrase is the enzyme needed for this particular sugar.

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