Nursing Elites

1. What is the science of classifying organisms into different groups based on their evolutionary relationships called?

• A. Taxonomy
• B. Microbiology
• C. Genetics
• D. Epidemiology

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms into different groups based on their evolutionary relationships. It involves identifying, naming, and categorizing living organisms according to their similarities and differences, helping us understand the diversity of life. Microbiology (option B) focuses on the study of microorganisms. Genetics (option C) deals with genes and heredity. Epidemiology (option D) explores the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations. Therefore, the correct answer is Taxonomy as it specifically pertains to the classification of organisms based on their evolutionary relationships.

2. What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

• A. Active immunity is short-lived, while passive immunity is long-lasting.
• B. Active immunity involves the body's own immune response, while passive immunity provides immediate protection through antibodies from another source.
• C. Active immunity only protects against bacterial infections, while passive immunity works against both bacteria and viruses.
• D. Passive immunity requires repeated vaccinations, while active immunity is a one-time process.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Active immunity involves the body's own immune response, where the individual's immune system produces antibodies in response to exposure to a pathogen or vaccine. This type of immunity is long-lasting because the immune system 'remembers' the pathogen and can mount a rapid response upon re-exposure. In contrast, passive immunity provides immediate protection through the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from another source, such as through maternal antibodies crossing the placenta or receiving antibodies through an injection. Passive immunity is short-lived because the transferred antibodies eventually degrade and are not produced by the recipient's immune system. Choice A is incorrect because active immunity is generally long-lasting, as it involves the production of antibodies by the individual's immune system. Choice C is incorrect as both active and passive immunity can work against various pathogens, not limited to bacteria or viruses. Choice D is incorrect as passive immunity does not require repeated vaccinations but provides temporary protection through the transfer of antibodies from an external source.

3. Which organ system is primarily responsible for transporting nutrients throughout the body?

• A. Respiratory
• B. Digestive
• C. Circulatory
• D. Nervous

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is primarily responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels, delivering essential nutrients to cells and tissues. This system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, working together to ensure the proper distribution of nutrients and removal of waste products. Choice A, the respiratory system, is responsible for gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and not primarily involved in nutrient transportation. Choice B, the digestive system, is responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients but does not transport nutrients throughout the body. Choice D, the nervous system, controls and coordinates body functions through electrical signals and is not directly involved in nutrient transportation.

4. During photosynthesis, plants capture sunlight and convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. This is an example of a:

• A. Decomposition reaction
• B. Combustion reaction
• C. Synthesis reaction
• D. Double displacement reaction

Correct answer: C

Rationale: This is an example of a synthesis reaction because simpler substances (water and carbon dioxide) are combined to form a more complex substance (glucose) in the presence of sunlight. Choice A (Decomposition reaction) involves breaking down a compound into simpler substances, which is the opposite of what happens in photosynthesis. Choice B (Combustion reaction) typically involves a substance reacting with oxygen to produce heat and light, not the formation of glucose and oxygen from simpler substances. Choice D (Double displacement reaction) involves an exchange of ions between two compounds, which is not what occurs in photosynthesis.

5. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

• A. An organelle is a specialized structure in a cell, such as a ribosome.
• B. An organ is made up of different types of tissues that work together to perform specific functions.
• C. Organ systems are two or more organs performing similar functions.
• D. A tissue contains a variety of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The statement provided in Option B is FALSE. Organs are actually made up of different types of tissues that work together to perform specific functions, rather than being composed of similar tissues. Organs consist of various tissues, each with their own specialized functions that collectively contribute to the overall function of the organ. Options A, C, and D are true statements. Option A correctly defines an organelle as a specialized structure in a cell, like a ribosome. Option C accurately describes organ systems as multiple organs working together to perform related functions. Option D correctly explains that a tissue is composed of different cells working together to carry out a specific function.

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