Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is produced by Natural Killer Cells to create pores for target cell rupture?

• A. Interferon
• B. Apoptosis
• C. Perforin
• D. Antibody

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Perforin. Natural Killer cells release perforin, which forms pores in the membrane of target cells, leading to their lysis. Interferon (choice A) is a protein released by cells in response to viral infections, apoptosis (choice B) is programmed cell death, and antibodies (choice D) are produced by B cells to neutralize pathogens but are not directly involved in creating pores for cell rupture like perforin.

2. What step of the scientific method must come before generating a hypothesis?

• A. Collecting and organizing data.
• B. Communicating the results in a scientific journal.
• C. Conducting an experiment.
• D. Researching previous studies for background.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Researching previous studies for background.' Before formulating a hypothesis, it is essential to review existing literature, studies, and information related to the topic to understand the context and identify gaps in knowledge. This step helps researchers build on existing knowledge and formulate a clear hypothesis based on the information gathered. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they come after the step of researching previous studies and developing a hypothesis. Collecting and organizing data, conducting an experiment, and communicating results typically follow the hypothesis generation step in the scientific method.

3. Which type of reaction undergoes hydrolysis?

• A. Anabolism
• B. Catabolism
• C. Exothermic
• D. Endothermic

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Catabolism.' Catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones, often through hydrolysis, where water is added to break chemical bonds. This process is essential for the degradation of complex molecules and the release of energy stored in chemical bonds. Choice A, 'Anabolism,' is incorrect as anabolism involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones. Choices C and D, 'Exothermic' and 'Endothermic,' refer to the heat energy exchange during a reaction and are not directly related to the process of hydrolysis.

4. What does cytokinesis refer to?

• A. Division of the nucleus
• B. Division of the cytoplasm
• C. Separation of chromosomes
• D. Formation of spindle fibers

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cytokinesis refers to the division of the cytoplasm of a parental cell between two daughter cells during cell division. It ensures that each daughter cell receives its share of organelles and cytoplasmic components necessary for cellular functions. Choice A, division of the nucleus, is incorrect as this process is known as mitosis. Choice C, separation of chromosomes, is incorrect as it refers to the process of chromatid separation during mitosis. Choice D, formation of spindle fibers, is incorrect as spindle fibers are involved in mitosis to separate chromosomes, not in cytokinesis.

5. Which of the following distinguishes the isotopes of an element?

• A. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different ionic charges.
• B. Isotopes are atoms of elements within the same group on the periodic table.
• C. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
• D. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different electron configurations.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Isotopes are defined as atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons in their nucleus but different numbers of neutrons. This leads to variations in atomic mass for isotopes of an element. The different number of neutrons in isotopes results in differences in their atomic mass and properties while still belonging to the same element. Choice A is incorrect because isotopes do not have different ionic charges, they have the same chemical properties. Choice B is incorrect because isotopes are not atoms of elements within the same group on the periodic table; they are variants of the same element. Choice D is incorrect because isotopes of an element have the same electron configuration, differing only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

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