Nursing Elites

1. What is the bottom number in a blood pressure reading?

• A. Diastolic pressure
• B. Systolic pressure
• C. Pulse rate
• D. Mean arterial pressure

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Diastolic pressure. The bottom number in a blood pressure reading represents the diastolic pressure, which indicates the lowest pressure in the arteries when the heart is resting between beats. This value is important in understanding the overall health of the cardiovascular system. Choice B, Systolic pressure, is the top number in a blood pressure reading and represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is contracting. Choice C, Pulse rate, refers to the number of times the heart beats in a minute. Choice D, Mean arterial pressure, is a calculated value using both systolic and diastolic pressures to provide an average pressure in the arteries during a cardiac cycle, but it is not the bottom number in a blood pressure reading.

2. Which functional group is commonly found in ketones?

• A. Hydroxyl
• B. Carbonyl
• C. Ester
• D. Amine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ketones contain a carbonyl functional group, which consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. This distinguishes ketones from other functional groups such as hydroxyl, ester, and amine. The presence of the carbonyl group, not hydroxyl (choice A), ester (choice C), or amine (choice D), is characteristic of ketones, making choice B, 'Carbonyl', the correct answer.

3. From which type of tissue is the myelin sheath derived, a fatty substance that insulates nerve fibers?

• A. Epithelial tissue
• B. Muscle tissue
• C. Nervous tissue (glial cells)
• D. Connective tissue

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The myelin sheath, a fatty substance that insulates nerve fibers, is derived from nervous tissue, specifically glial cells. Glial cells, including oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, are responsible for producing the myelin sheath that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers, aiding in the conduction of nerve impulses. Epithelial tissue (Choice A), Muscle tissue (Choice B), and Connective tissue (Choice D) are not responsible for producing the myelin sheath; instead, nervous tissue (glial cells) plays this crucial role.

4. Which type of fiber is insoluble and promotes gut motility?

• A. Pectin
• B. Cellulose
• C. Beta-gluca
• D. Guar gum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) Pectin is a soluble fiber found in fruits and vegetables. It forms a gel-like substance in the gut and can help lower cholesterol levels. B) Cellulose is an insoluble fiber found in plants, particularly in the cell walls of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It adds bulk to the stool and promotes gut motility by aiding in the movement of food through the digestive system. C) Beta-glucan is a soluble fiber found in oats and barley. It can help lower cholesterol levels and improve blood sugar control. D) Guar gum is a soluble fiber derived from guar beans. It can help with digestion and may have a role in managing blood sugar levels. In this case, the question specifically asks for the type of fiber that is insoluble and promotes gut motility, which is characteristic of cellulose.

5. Which of the following processes describes the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid during glycolysis?

• A. Glycogenesis
• B. Glycolysis
• C. Glycogenolysis
• D. Gluconeogenesis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glycolysis. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway where glucose is broken down to produce pyruvic acid and ATP, generating energy in the form of ATP. Glycogenesis (choice A) is the process of glycogen synthesis, Glycogenolysis (choice C) is the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose, and Gluconeogenesis (choice D) is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Therefore, during glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvic acid, which is a crucial step in energy production.

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