Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing kidney stones?

• A. Consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
• B. Maintaining adequate hydration with water
• C. Having a family history of kidney stones
• D. Regularly engaging in moderate exercise

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Having a family history of kidney stones is a risk factor for developing kidney stones. Genetic predisposition can increase the likelihood of developing kidney stones due to inherited traits that affect the body's ability to process and excrete certain substances. Consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables (option A) and maintaining adequate hydration with water (option B) are actually recommended strategies to help prevent kidney stones by promoting overall kidney health. Regularly engaging in moderate exercise (option D) can also be beneficial for kidney health by promoting circulation and overall well-being. Therefore, options A, B, and D are not risk factors but rather beneficial for kidney health.

2. Which types of glial cells are found in the CNS?

• A. Schwann cells, satellite cells
• B. Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes
• C. Satellite cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes
• D. Astrocytes, Schwann cells, satellite cells

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. Schwann cells and satellite cells are found in the PNS. Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cells and are involved in nutrient support, repair, and maintenance of the extracellular environment. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS, playing a role in immune defense. Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, contributing to the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Oligodendrocytes are responsible for producing myelin, which insulates axons in the CNS. Understanding the specific functions of each type of glial cell is essential in grasping the complexity of the central nervous system's support and protective mechanisms.

3. What is the term for the number of moles of solute per liter of solution?

• A. Molarity
• B. Molality
• C. Normality
• D. Concentration

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Molarity is the correct term for the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. It is expressed as moles of solute divided by liters of solution. Molality (B) is similar but is moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Normality (C) is the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution, and Concentration (D) is a general term for the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solution. Therefore, the correct answer is A, molarity, as it specifically refers to moles of solute per liter of solution.

4. Fill in the blanks in the following sentence: Enzymes are ________ molecules that serve as _______ for certain biological reactions.

• A. complex; suppressors
• B. acidic; triggers
• C. small; targets
• D. large; catalysts

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Enzymes are large molecules that act as catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reactions to occur. In the context of biological reactions, enzymes function as catalysts, not suppressors, triggers, or targets. The use of 'large' and 'catalysts' accurately describes the nature and role of enzymes in facilitating biological processes.

5. Which of the following are functions of the urinary system?

• A. I, II, and III
• B. II and III
• C. II, III, and IV
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The corrected answer is D, 'All of the above.' The urinary system performs multiple essential functions to maintain the body's internal environment. Synthesizing calcitriol and secreting erythropoietin are crucial roles of the kidneys. Regulating the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and other ions helps in maintaining the electrolyte balance. Reabsorbing or secreting hydrogen ions and bicarbonate is vital for managing the body's acid-base balance. Furthermore, the urinary system is involved in detecting reductions in blood volume and pressure, aiding in the maintenance of blood pressure levels and fluid balance in the body.

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