Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is the positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom?

• A. Electron
• B. Proton
• C. Neutron
• D. Quark

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proton. Protons are positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They have a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu) and a charge of +1. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines the atomic number of the element, which is a unique identifier for each element. Choice A, Electron, is incorrect as electrons are negatively charged particles found outside the nucleus. Choice C, Neutron, is incorrect as neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus. Choice D, Quark, is incorrect as quarks are elementary particles that combine to form protons and neutrons, but they are not the positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

2. What is the function of the pharynx?

• A. Allow food and air to pass into the body
• B. Warm and moisten air during inhalation
• C. Create a chest cavity at the base of the lungs
• D. Provide structural support to the alveolar region

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Allow food and air to pass into the body.' The pharynx serves as a common pathway for both food and air. It connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, enabling the passage of both food and air into their respective pathways. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the function of the pharynx. Option B is incorrect because the warming and moistening of air primarily occur in the nasal cavity and not in the pharynx. Option C is incorrect as the creation of a chest cavity is mainly related to the thoracic cavity, not the pharynx. Option D is also incorrect as the structural support to the alveolar region is provided by other structures like the alveoli and surrounding tissues, not the pharynx.

3. What is the difference between a germline mutation and a somatic mutation?

• A. Germline mutations are passed to offspring, while somatic mutations are not.
• B. Germline mutations occur in reproductive cells, while somatic mutations occur in body cells.
• C. Germline mutations only affect genes, while somatic mutations can affect any DNA.
• D. Germline mutations are always beneficial, while somatic mutations are always harmful.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: - Germline mutations are changes in the DNA of reproductive cells (sperm or egg cells) and can be passed on to offspring, affecting all cells in the resulting organism. - Somatic mutations are changes in the DNA of non-reproductive cells (body cells) and are not passed on to offspring. These mutations only affect the cells that arise from the mutated cell. - Option A is incorrect because somatic mutations are not passed to offspring. - Option C is incorrect because both germline and somatic mutations can affect any DNA. - Option D is incorrect because the effects of mutations, whether germline or somatic, can be beneficial, harmful, or have no significant impact.

4. Which of the following statements is true about the dependent variable?

• A. A factor that remains constant during the experiment
• B. A factor with data typically plotted on the x-axis
• C. A factor that is measured during an experiment
• D. A factor with data typically plotted on the y-axis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. The dependent variable is the factor that is being measured or observed in an experiment. It is the outcome that is affected by changes in the independent variable. In graphical representations, the dependent variable is usually plotted on the y-axis, not the x-axis. Choice A is incorrect because a factor that remains constant is referred to as a constant, not a dependent variable. Choice B is incorrect as the independent variable's data is typically plotted on the x-axis. Choice D is incorrect because the dependent variable's data is usually plotted on the y-axis. Therefore, choice C accurately describes the dependent variable.

5. What is the protective fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord?

• A. Blood
• B. Cerebrospinal fluid
• C. Myelin sheath
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cerebrospinal fluid is the protective fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a cushion to protect these vital organs from injury and provides nutrients and removes waste products. Blood, myelin sheath, and insulin do not serve as the protective fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to cells, myelin sheath is a protective covering of nerve fibers, and insulin is a hormone involved in regulating blood sugar levels.

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