Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following functions is not controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

• A. Digestion
• B. Walking
• C. Heartbeat
• D. Temperature regulation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Walking. Walking is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Walking is a voluntary action governed by the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement. The autonomic nervous system, on the other hand, regulates functions that are involuntary, such as digestion, heartbeat, and temperature regulation. Choices A, C, and D are all functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Digestion involves processes like peristalsis and secretion of digestive enzymes, heartbeat is regulated by the autonomic nervous system to maintain blood pressure and circulation, and temperature regulation includes responses like sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature within a narrow range.

2. An uncharged atom has an electron configuration of 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² and a mass number of 14. How many protons does it have?

• A. 14
• B. 6
• C. 8
• D. 12

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The number of protons in an atom is determined by the atomic number, which is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. The electron configuration given corresponds to carbon (C) with 6 protons. The atomic number of an element is the same as the number of protons in its nucleus, so in this case, the atom has 6 protons. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not correspond to the correct number of protons for an atom with the given electron configuration and mass number. Therefore, option B, 6 protons, is the correct answer.

3. Which of the following types of immunity is provided by the secretion of antibodies by B-cells?

• A. Cell-mediated
• B. Humoral
• C. Innate immunity
• D. Phagocytic

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Humoral. Humoral immunity involves B-cells secreting antibodies to fight pathogens. In this type of immunity, antibodies circulate in the blood and other body fluids to neutralize pathogens and prevent infections. Cell-mediated immunity, on the other hand, involves the activation of T-cells to directly attack infected or abnormal cells, not the secretion of antibodies. Innate immunity refers to the nonspecific defense mechanisms the body has in place from birth, such as physical barriers and inflammatory responses. Phagocytic immunity is not a recognized type of immunity; phagocytosis is a mechanism used by cells like macrophages to engulf and digest pathogens, but it is not a specific form of immunity like humoral or cell-mediated immunity.

4. What type of tissue is bone composed of?

• A. Epithelial tissue
• B. Connective tissue
• C. Hard connective tissue
• D. Muscle tissue

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Bone is composed of connective tissue. Connective tissues are characterized by having cells scattered within an extracellular matrix. In the case of bone, the extracellular matrix is mineralized, giving bone its hardness and strength. Choice A, epithelial tissue, is not correct as bone is not primarily composed of epithelial cells. Choice C, hard connective tissue, is not a recognized category of tissue in the scientific classification; bone is classified under connective tissue. Choice D, muscle tissue, is incorrect as bone and muscle tissues are distinct types of tissues with different structures and functions.

5. Where is the ball-and-socket joint, allowing a wide range of motion, found?

• A. Upper arm (humerus) and shoulder blade (scapula)
• B. Collarbone (clavicle) and breastbone (sternum)
• C. Two vertebrae in the spine
• D. Ribs and sternum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The ball-and-socket joint is located between the upper arm (humerus) and the shoulder blade (scapula). This joint provides a wide range of motion, enabling movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. It plays a crucial role in various activities involving the shoulder joint, such as throwing, reaching overhead, and performing rotational movements. Choice B, the collarbone (clavicle) and breastbone (sternum), form the sternoclavicular joint, which is a synovial saddle joint. Choice C, two vertebrae in the spine, typically form gliding or facet joints. Choice D, ribs and sternum, are connected by cartilage, forming cartilaginous joints.

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