Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following correctly orders the layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deepest?

• A. S. spinosum, S. basale, S. corneum, S. granulosum, S. lucidum
• B. S. corneum, S. lucidum, S. granulosum, S. spinosum, S. basale
• C. S. corneum, S. spinosum, S. basale, S. granulosum, S. lucidum
• D. S. basale, S. spinosum, S. granulosum, S. lucidum, S. corneum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct order of the layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deepest is: Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale. Choice B, 'S. corneum, S. lucidum, S. granulosum, S. spinosum, S. basale,' provides the accurate layering from the outermost to the innermost layer of the epidermis. Choice A is incorrect as it starts with Stratum spinosum, which is not the most superficial layer. Choice C is incorrect as it places Stratum spinosum before Stratum basale. Choice D is incorrect as it starts with Stratum basale, which is the deepest layer of the epidermis.

2. Which of the following describes a difference between cytosol and the mitochondrion?

• A. Cytosol is a membrane-bound organelle, but the mitochondrion is not
• B. Cytosol is part of the cytoplasm, but the mitochondrion is not
• C. The mitochondrion is a membrane-bound organelle, but cytosol is not
• D. The mitochondrion is part of the cytoplasm, but cytosol is not

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The mitochondrion is a membrane-bound organelle, while cytosol is the fluid part of the cytoplasm. This differentiation highlights that the mitochondrion has its own membrane structure separating it from the cytoplasm, whereas cytosol is not membrane-bound and represents the liquid portion of the cytoplasm. Choice A is incorrect because cytosol is not a membrane-bound organelle, and the mitochondrion is also not described accurately. Choice B is incorrect as cytosol is indeed part of the cytoplasm. Choice D is incorrect because both the mitochondrion and cytosol are part of the cytoplasm, but the mitochondrion is a membrane-bound organelle unlike cytosol.

3. Identify the element with the electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6. To which group and period does this element belong?

• A. Group 16, Period 3
• B. Group 14, Period 3
• C. Group 18, Period 3
• D. Group 17, Period 2

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The given electron configuration matches that of Argon, an element found in Group 18 of the periodic table. This element is in the third period, as indicated by the highest energy level (n=3) where electrons are present. Therefore, the correct answer is Group 18, Period 3. Choice A (Group 16, Period 3) corresponds to sulfur, not the given electron configuration. Choice B (Group 14, Period 3) corresponds to silicon, not the given electron configuration. Choice D (Group 17, Period 2) corresponds to chlorine, which is in Period 3 but not in Group 18, making it incorrect for the given electron configuration.

4. What is the breakdown product of creatine phosphate, an energy source used for short bursts of muscle activity?

• A. Glucose
• B. Lactic acid
• C. Carbon dioxide
• D. Creatine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Creatine phosphate is utilized as an immediate energy source for short bursts of muscle activity. When it breaks down, it yields lactic acid as a byproduct. Lactic acid accumulation during intense exercise can lead to muscle fatigue and soreness. Therefore, the correct answer is lactic acid. The other choices are incorrect: Glucose is a different energy source derived from carbohydrates; Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration, not specifically from creatine phosphate breakdown; Creatine is the precursor compound to creatine phosphate and is not the breakdown product.

5. Which structure in the respiratory system serves as the 'windpipe' that conducts air from the larynx to the bronchi?

• A. Trachea
• B. Larynx
• C. Bronchi
• D. Alveoli

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the trachea. The trachea, commonly referred to as the 'windpipe,' is a vital structure in the respiratory system that connects the larynx to the bronchi. It is made up of cartilage rings that provide structural support, preventing collapse and ensuring the unobstructed flow of air into the lungs. The trachea plays a crucial role in facilitating the passage of air from the upper respiratory tract to the lower respiratory tract. The larynx is responsible for sound production and is located above the trachea. The bronchi are the two main branches that lead from the trachea into the lungs, further branching into smaller airways. Alveoli are the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs in the lungs, but they are not the structure that serves as the 'windpipe' for air passage in the respiratory system.

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