Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following correctly matches a category of protein with a physiological example?

• A. Keratin is a structural protein
• B. Antigens are hormonal proteins
• C. Channel proteins are marker proteins
• D. Actin is a transport protein

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Keratin is indeed a type of structural protein found in the skin, hair, and nails of animals. It provides strength and protection, helping to maintain the overall structure of these tissues. The other choices are incorrect as antigens are not hormonal proteins but rather are involved in immune response, channel proteins are involved in facilitating the transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes, and actin is primarily involved in cell structure and movement, not as a transport protein.

2. What is the difference between mass and weight?

• A. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, whereas weight is the force of gravity acting on an object.
• B. Mass is a measure of inertia, whereas weight is a measure of the force of gravity acting on an object.
• C. Mass is measured in pounds, whereas weight is measured in kilograms.
• D. Mass is a vector quantity, whereas weight is a scalar quantity.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mass is the amount of matter in an object and is a scalar quantity, whereas weight is the force of gravity acting on an object and is a vector quantity. Mass remains constant regardless of the location, while weight can vary depending on the strength of gravity at different locations. Answer choice A correctly defines the difference between mass and weight, making it the correct answer. Choice B is incorrect because mass is not a measure of inertia. Choice C is incorrect as mass is typically measured in kilograms, not pounds. Choice D is incorrect as mass is a scalar quantity, and weight is a vector quantity.

3. What is the primary source of energy entering most ecosystems?

• A. Chemical energy stored in bonds
• B. Thermal energy from the Earth's core
• C. Light energy from the sun
• D. Kinetic energy from wind and water

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In most ecosystems, the primary source of energy is sunlight. This energy is captured by plants and other photosynthetic organisms through the process of photosynthesis. These organisms convert light energy into chemical energy stored in the bonds of organic molecules, such as glucose. This stored chemical energy is then passed on to other organisms in the ecosystem through the food chain, making sunlight the fundamental source of energy for most ecosystems. Thermal energy from the Earth's core (option B) is not a primary source of energy for ecosystems, as it is not readily accessible to most organisms. Kinetic energy from wind and water (option D) can play a role in some ecosystems, but it is not the primary source of energy. Chemical energy stored in bonds (option A) is a form of energy that is ultimately derived from the sun through photosynthesis, making it a product of the primary energy source rather than the primary source itself.

4. What type of force opposes the motion of an object moving through a fluid (liquid or gas)?

• A. Gravitational force
• B. Tension force
• C. Viscous force
• D. Magnetic force

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When an object moves through a fluid, it experiences resistance due to the viscosity of the fluid. This resistance is known as the viscous force, which opposes the motion of the object. Gravitational force is the force of attraction between two objects with mass, tension force is the force transmitted through a string, and magnetic force is the force exerted by magnets. In the context of an object moving through a fluid, the force opposing its motion is the viscous force because it resists the relative motion of the object through the fluid.

5. What is the term for a substance that can act as both a proton donor and a proton acceptor?

• A. Acid
• B. Base
• C. Amphiprotic
• D. Neutral

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Amphiprotic substances are those that can both donate and accept protons. They possess characteristics of both acids and bases, making them capable of acting as proton donors and proton acceptors. Choices A and B represent substances that are specific to either donating or accepting protons. Choice D does not describe a substance's ability to donate or accept protons since neutrality does not inherently involve proton donation or acceptance.

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