Nursing Elites

1. DNA has both a 'sense' and 'antisense' strand. What is true about the antisense strand?

• A. It runs 5' to 3'.
• B. It runs 3' to 5'.
• C. It is used in replication.
• D. It is the direction DNA is stored.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'It runs 3' to 5'. The antisense strand runs in the 3' to 5' direction, complementing the sense strand. Choice A is incorrect as the antisense strand runs in the opposite direction, which is 3' to 5'. Choice C is incorrect because the antisense strand is not directly involved in replication. Choice D is incorrect as the direction DNA is stored is not determined by the antisense strand.

2. Delta waves, associated with deep sleep, exhibit what frequency range?

• A. 0.5-4 Hz
• B. 4-8 Hz
• C. 8-13 Hz
• D. 13-30 Hz

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Delta waves are slow brain waves associated with deep sleep stages, specifically stages 3 and 4 of non-REM sleep. These waves have a frequency range of 0.5-4 Hz. Choice B (4-8 Hz) refers to theta waves, which are associated with light sleep and relaxation. Choice C (8-13 Hz) corresponds to alpha waves, present during wakeful relaxation. Choice D (13-30 Hz) represents beta waves, seen in active thinking and concentration. Therefore, the correct answer is A because it aligns with the frequency range characteristic of delta waves during deep sleep.

3. Which of the following colligative properties refers to the elevation of the boiling point of a solution?

• A. Freezing point depression
• B. Vapor pressure lowering
• C. Osmotic pressure
• D. Boiling point elevation

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Boiling point elevation.' Boiling point elevation is a colligative property that describes the increase in the boiling point of a solvent when a non-volatile solute is added to it. This occurs because the presence of solute particles in the solvent lowers the vapor pressure of the solution, requiring a higher temperature to reach the same vapor pressure as the pure solvent. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Freezing point depression refers to the lowering of the freezing point of a solution, vapor pressure lowering is the reduction in vapor pressure due to the presence of solute particles, and osmotic pressure is the pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane in osmosis.

4. Which hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, prepares the body for a 'fight or flight' response by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and mobilizing energy stores?

• A. Cortisol
• B. Aldosterone
• C. Epinephrine
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is the hormone produced by the adrenal glands that prepares the body for a 'fight or flight' response. It increases heart rate, dilates airways, and mobilizes energy stores to provide the body with the necessary resources to respond to a perceived threat or stressor. Cortisol, although produced by the adrenal glands, is not responsible for the 'fight or flight' response; it is involved in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress. Aldosterone, another hormone produced by the adrenal glands, primarily regulates electrolyte and fluid balance. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels and is not directly involved in the 'fight or flight' response.

5. Diabetic nephropathy, a complication of diabetes, affects the:

• A. Ureters
• B. Bladder
• C. Urethra
• D. Nephrons

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Diabetic nephropathy, a complication of diabetes, affects the nephrons. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. The high blood sugar levels associated with diabetes can damage the nephrons over time, leading to kidney dysfunction and, ultimately, kidney failure. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because diabetic nephropathy primarily impacts the nephrons in the kidneys, not the ureters, bladder, or urethra.

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