Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following are the two major zones of the respiratory system?

• A. left bronchus and right bronchus
• B. nose and mouth
• C. larynx and pharynx
• D. conducting and respiratory

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The two major zones of the respiratory system are the conducting zone and the respiratory zone. The conducting zone encompasses structures like the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, which serve to transport air into the lungs. On the other hand, the respiratory zone includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, where the crucial gas exchange process between the air in the lungs and the blood occurs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not represent the major zones of the respiratory system but rather individual structures within the system.

2. What is the difference between the atomic number and the mass number of an atom?

• A. The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus, while the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• B. The atomic number is the number of electrons in an atom, while the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• C. The atomic number is the number of neutrons in the nucleus, while the mass number is the total number of protons and electrons in an atom.
• D. The atomic number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, while the mass number is the total number of electrons in an atom.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The atomic number of an atom represents the number of protons in its nucleus, which defines the element's identity. On the other hand, the mass number corresponds to the total sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Therefore, the key distinction between the atomic number and the mass number lies in the fact that the atomic number specifically counts the protons, whereas the mass number encompasses both protons and neutrons. Choice B is incorrect because the atomic number is not related to the number of electrons but rather to the number of protons. Choice C is incorrect because the atomic number is not the number of neutrons but the number of protons. Choice D is incorrect because the atomic number does not include neutrons; it is solely the number of protons.

3. What is the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after maximum inhalation?

• A. Tidal volume
• B. Total lung capacity
• C. Ventilation rate
• D. Vital capacity

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Vital capacity. Vital capacity represents the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. Tidal volume (Choice A) is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing at rest and is not the maximum capacity. Total lung capacity (Choice B) refers to the maximum volume of air the lungs can accommodate including the residual volume, not just the expelled air. Ventilation rate (Choice C) is the rate at which air is moved in and out of the lungs, not the maximum volume of air that can be expelled.

4. Which of the following is the main function of the skin?

• A. To protect the body from harm
• B. To regulate body temperature
• C. To produce hormones
• D. To sense touch, temperature, and pain

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) To protect the body from harm: The skin acts as a physical barrier that protects the body from external threats such as pathogens, UV radiation, and physical injuries. It helps prevent infections and dehydration, making it a crucial function of the skin. B) To regulate body temperature: While the skin does play a role in regulating body temperature through processes like sweating and vasodilation/vasoconstriction, its primary function is protection. C) To produce hormones: Hormone production is primarily carried out by endocrine glands such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands, not the skin. D) To sense touch, temperature, and pain: The skin contains sensory receptors that allow us to perceive touch, temperature, and pain, but this function is secondary to its main role of protecting the body from harm.

5. What is the feedback mechanism in the endocrine system that helps maintain hormone balance?

• A. Positive feedback, where a hormone stimulates its own release
• B. Negative feedback, where a hormone suppresses its own release
• C. Cascade effect, where one hormone triggers the release of another
• D. Dual hormone system, where two hormones work together

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In the endocrine system, negative feedback is the mechanism by which hormone levels are regulated. When hormone levels reach a certain threshold, they signal the body to stop producing more of that hormone, thus maintaining a balance. Negative feedback (option B) is the correct answer as it helps in preventing overproduction of hormones by suppressing their own release. Positive feedback (option A) would lead to an excessive production of hormones, disrupting the balance. The cascade effect (option C) involves one hormone triggering the release of another but does not directly regulate hormone levels. The dual hormone system (option D) refers to two hormones working together but does not specifically address the feedback mechanism for maintaining hormone balance.

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