Nursing Elites

1. Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood sugar levels?

• A. Glucagon
• B. Insulin
• C. Adrenaline
• D. Cortisol

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Insulin is the hormone responsible for lowering blood sugar levels. It is produced by the pancreas and facilitates the entry of glucose into cells, thereby reducing blood sugar levels. Glucagon, adrenaline, and cortisol have roles in increasing blood sugar levels through various mechanisms. Glucagon raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose, adrenaline increases blood sugar in fight-or-flight responses, and cortisol raises blood sugar levels as part of the stress response. Therefore, in the context of lowering blood sugar levels, insulin is the correct answer.

2. What is the primary function of hematopoietic tissue?

• A. Building and repairing bone
• B. Supporting and connecting tissues
• C. Production of blood cells
• D. Contracting for movement

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The primary function of hematopoietic tissue is the production of blood cells. Hematopoietic tissue, primarily found in the bone marrow, is responsible for generating red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These blood cells are vital for oxygen transport, immune response, and blood clotting. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not reflect the main function of hematopoietic tissue. Building and repairing bone is primarily carried out by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, supporting and connecting tissues is a role of connective tissues like tendons and ligaments, and contracting for movement is a function of muscle tissue.

3. What is the oxidation state of carbon in CH4?

• A. +1
• B. -1
• C. +2
• D. -4

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In CH4 (methane), carbon is bonded to four hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen has an oxidation state of +1. Since the overall charge of CH4 is 0, the oxidation state of carbon must be -4 to balance the charges. Each hydrogen contributes an oxidation state of +1, resulting in a total of +4 from hydrogen atoms. To achieve a total oxidation state of 0 for the molecule, carbon must have an oxidation state of -4 to offset the contribution from hydrogen. Therefore, the correct answer is -4. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect: +1 is the oxidation state of hydrogen, -1 is not the oxidation state of carbon in methane, and +2 is not the correct oxidation state of carbon in CH4.

4. What is the main function of vacuoles in plant cells?

• A. To provide structural support for the cell
• B. To transport substances in and out of the cell
• C. To synthesize proteins and lipids
• D. To store water, enzymes, and waste products

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Vacuoles in plant cells primarily function as storage organelles. They store water, enzymes, pigments, and waste products, helping to maintain turgor pressure within the cell. This turgor pressure provides structural support for the plant cell. While vacuoles can also participate in transporting substances within the cell, their main role is storage. The synthesis of proteins and lipids is mainly handled by other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Choice A is incorrect because while vacuoles indirectly contribute to structural support by maintaining turgor pressure, their primary function is storage. Choice B is incorrect as vacuoles are not primarily responsible for transporting substances in and out of the cell. Choice C is incorrect as vacuoles do not synthesize proteins and lipids; this function is carried out by other organelles.

5. What is the name for the flexible connection between bones at the wrist or ankle?

• A. Ligament
• B. Tendon
• C. Fascia
• D. Synovial joint

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ligament. Ligaments are tough bands of tissue that connect bones to other bones at joints, providing stability and support. In the case of the wrist or ankle, ligaments play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and allowing for proper movement of these joints. Tendons (option B) connect muscles to bones, not bones to bones. Fascia (option C) is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles and other structures, not connecting bones at joints. A synovial joint (option D) is a type of joint that allows for movement between bones, but it is not the flexible connection between bones at the wrist or ankle.

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