Nursing Elites

1. Which compound is a component of baking soda and is important for maintaining pH balance in the body?

• A. Potassium
• B. Sodium
• C. Calcium
• D. Sodium bicarbonate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda, is a compound that plays a crucial role in maintaining pH balance in the body. When ingested, sodium bicarbonate acts as a buffer, helping to regulate the body's pH levels. It is essential for various physiological functions. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Potassium, calcium, and sodium are important minerals in the body but are not components of baking soda or directly responsible for maintaining pH balance in the same way as sodium bicarbonate.

2. Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements?

• A. Cerebrum
• B. Cerebellum
• C. Medulla oblongata
• D. Thalamus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the Cerebrum. The cerebrum, the largest part of the brain, controls voluntary muscle movements, along with cognitive functions like thinking, perception, and decision-making. It is crucial for motor coordination and the regulation of voluntary movements. The Cerebellum (Choice B) is responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and posture, but not specifically for voluntary muscle movements. The Medulla oblongata (Choice C) is involved in controlling autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate, not voluntary muscle movements. The Thalamus (Choice D) acts as a relay station for sensory information but is not primarily responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements.

3. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that can directly cause evolution by natural selection?

• A. Mutations in genes
• B. Differential survival and reproduction based on traits
• C. Inheritance of acquired characteristics (like strong muscles from working out)
• D. Competition for resources in an environment

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Mutations in genes can introduce new genetic variations into a population, which can be acted upon by natural selection. B) Differential survival and reproduction based on traits is a key component of natural selection, as individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation. C) Inheritance of acquired characteristics, also known as Lamarckism, is not a mechanism of evolution by natural selection. Traits acquired during an individual's lifetime (such as strong muscles from working out) are not passed on to offspring. D) Competition for resources in an environment can drive natural selection by favoring individuals with traits that help them better compete for limited resources. Therefore, the correct answer is C) Inheritance of acquired characteristics (like strong muscles from working out), as it is not a mechanism that can directly cause evolution by natural selection.

4. Which of the following nutrients is essential for muscle growth and repair?

• A. Vitamin C
• B. Protein
• C. Carbohydrates
• D. Fat

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Protein is essential for muscle growth and repair as it provides the necessary building blocks (amino acids) for muscle tissue synthesis and repair. While vitamins and minerals are crucial for overall health, protein has a specific role in muscle development. Carbohydrates supply energy for workouts, and fats are important for general health but are less directly involved in muscle growth and repair compared to protein.

5. What is the primary function of white blood cells?

• A. To carry oxygen
• B. To fight infection
• C. To transport nutrients
• D. To transport waste

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "To fight infection." White blood cells are primarily responsible for fighting infections and foreign invaders in the body, making them a critical component of the immune system. Choice A, "To carry oxygen," is incorrect as red blood cells are responsible for oxygen transport. Choice C, "To transport nutrients," is incorrect as this function is mainly attributed to blood plasma and other specialized cells. Choice D, "To transport waste," is also incorrect as waste removal is primarily handled by the kidneys and the lymphatic system, not white blood cells.

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