Nursing Elites

1. Which hormone is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels and is produced by the pancreas?

• A. Insulin
• B. Glucagon
• C. Testosterone
• D. Estrogen

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Insulin is the correct answer. It is the hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose from the blood into cells for energy production or storage. Glucagon, also produced by the pancreas, has the opposite effect of increasing blood sugar levels by promoting the release of stored glucose from the liver. Testosterone and estrogen are sex hormones produced by the testes and ovaries, respectively, and are not directly involved in regulating blood sugar levels.

2. What structure in plant cells provides rigidity and support?

• A. Cell membrane
• B. Golgi apparatus
• C. Plastid
• D. Cell wall

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, the cell wall. The cell wall is the structure in plant cells that provides rigidity and support. It is a tough, rigid structure located outside the cell membrane. Composed primarily of cellulose, the cell wall offers structural support to the cell, helping it maintain its shape and protect it from damage. The other choices, such as the cell membrane (choice A), Golgi apparatus (choice B), and plastid (choice C) do not provide rigidity and support to plant cells. The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier, the Golgi apparatus is involved in processing and packaging proteins, and plastids are organelles responsible for functions like photosynthesis and storage, but they do not provide the structural support that the cell wall does.

3. Which of the following is NOT a common location for lymph nodes?

• A. Groin
• B. Armpit
• C. Neck
• D. Liver

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'D: Liver.' The liver is not a common location for lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures distributed throughout the body, including common sites like the groin, armpit, and neck. They play a crucial role in the immune system by filtering lymph fluid and trapping harmful substances, aiding the body in defending against infections and diseases. The liver, on the other hand, is an organ responsible for various functions like detoxification, metabolism, and storage, but it does not house lymph nodes.

4. Enzymes are ________ molecules that serve as _______ for certain biological reactions.

• A. Enzymes are irrelevant molecules that serve as suppressors for certain biological reactions.
• B. Enzymes are acidic molecules that serve as catalysts for certain biological reactions.
• C. Enzymes are lipid molecules that serve as catalysts for certain biological reactions.
• D. Enzymes are protein molecules that serve as catalysts for certain biological reactions.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Enzymes are protein molecules that serve as catalysts for certain biological reactions. Enzymes are biological molecules that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms by lowering the activation energy required for the reactions to occur. They are typically proteins that have specific shapes and active sites that allow them to interact with specific substrates and facilitate reactions without being consumed themselves. The other choices are incorrect because enzymes are not irrelevant, acidic, or lipid molecules; they are primarily proteins known for their catalytic properties.

5. What is the process of converting lactic acid back into pyruvate called?

• A. Glycolysis
• B. Gluconeogenesis
• C. Cori cycle
• D. Oxidative phosphorylation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate. B) Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. C) The Cori cycle is the process by which lactic acid produced by anaerobic metabolism in muscles is transported to the liver and converted back into glucose or pyruvate. D) Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is synthesized using energy derived from the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain.

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