Nursing Elites

1. What property of a substance remains constant regardless of changes in gravity?

• A. Mass
• B. Weight
• C. Volume
• D. Density

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and remains constant regardless of changes in gravity. Weight, on the other hand, is a measure of the gravitational force acting on an object and varies with changes in gravity. Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object and can change with changes in gravity. Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume and can also change with changes in gravity if the volume changes. Therefore, the correct answer is mass as it remains the same regardless of the gravitational force acting on the object, making it an intrinsic property of the substance.

2. What is the name for the smallest amount of an element that can exist independently and retain its chemical properties?

• A. Atom
• B. Molecule
• C. Compound
• D. Mixture

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Atom.' An atom is the fundamental unit of an element that can exist independently and retain its unique chemical properties. It consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. Choice B, 'Molecule,' is incorrect because a molecule is a combination of two or more atoms bonded together. Choice C, 'Compound,' is incorrect as a compound is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements. Choice D, 'Mixture,' is incorrect since a mixture is a blend of two or more substances physically combined, but the individual components retain their properties.

3. What is the difference between a germline mutation and a somatic mutation?

• A. Germline mutations are passed to offspring, while somatic mutations are not.
• B. Germline mutations occur in reproductive cells, while somatic mutations occur in body cells.
• C. Germline mutations only affect genes, while somatic mutations can affect any DNA.
• D. Germline mutations are always beneficial, while somatic mutations are always harmful.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: - Germline mutations are changes in the DNA of reproductive cells (sperm or egg cells) and can be passed on to offspring, affecting all cells in the resulting organism. - Somatic mutations are changes in the DNA of non-reproductive cells (body cells) and are not passed on to offspring. These mutations only affect the cells that arise from the mutated cell. - Option A is incorrect because somatic mutations are not passed to offspring. - Option C is incorrect because both germline and somatic mutations can affect any DNA. - Option D is incorrect because the effects of mutations, whether germline or somatic, can be beneficial, harmful, or have no significant impact.

4. What is the structure of DNA?

• A. Single-stranded, linear
• B. Double-stranded, linear
• C. Double-stranded, helix
• D. Single-stranded, helix

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Double-stranded, helix. DNA is structured as a double helix formed by two strands of nucleotides. The nucleotides are paired with complementary bases (A-T and C-G) in the center, held together by hydrogen bonds. This double-stranded helical structure is a fundamental characteristic of DNA and essential for its function in storing genetic information. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because DNA is not single-stranded; it consists of two strands that run antiparallel to each other and are connected via hydrogen bonds. Additionally, DNA does not have a linear structure but rather a helical one, providing stability and protection to the genetic information it carries.

5. Which of the following statements regarding macrophages is incorrect?

• A. They are found abundantly in the blood
• B. They are larger than neutrophils
• C. They are long-lived
• D. They are made in the bone marrow as monocytes, called macrophages once they reach organs

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Macrophages are not found abundantly in the blood; they are present in tissues and organs. Macrophages are tissue-resident immune cells that play a key role in immune responses and are derived from monocytes produced in the bone marrow. Choice B is correct as macrophages are larger than neutrophils. Choice C is correct as macrophages are long-lived cells. Choice D is correct as macrophages originate in the bone marrow as monocytes and differentiate into macrophages once they migrate to various tissues and organs.

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