Nursing Elites

1. Which fibrous connective tissue connects a muscle to a bone, allowing movement at a joint?

• A. Tendon
• B. Ligament
• C. Cartilage
• D. Bursa

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Tendons, the correct answer, are fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles to bones, enabling movement at joints. They play a crucial role in transmitting the force generated by muscles to the bones, facilitating movement. Ligaments (option B) connect bone to bone, providing stability to joints. Cartilage (option C) is a flexible tissue that acts as a cushion, reducing friction between bones in joints. Bursae (option D) are fluid-filled sacs located near joints that help reduce friction between tissues such as tendons and bones.

2. Which of the following is the carbohydrate monomer?

• A. Disaccharide
• B. Lactose
• C. Monosaccharide
• D. Thymine

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar unit. They are considered the carbohydrate monomers from which larger carbohydrates like disaccharides (composed of two sugar units) and polysaccharides (containing multiple sugar units) are built. Choices A and B, Disaccharide and Lactose, are not monomers but rather specific types of carbohydrates made up of multiple sugar units. Choice D, Thymine, is a nitrogenous base present in DNA and RNA, not a carbohydrate monomer.

3. How are kidney stones formed?

• A. Due to excess water not being reabsorbed
• B. When minerals crystallize in the urine
• C. When electrolytes become too concentrated
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Kidney stones are formed when minerals in the urine crystallize and stick together to form solid masses. Excess water not being reabsorbed (option A) does not directly contribute to kidney stone formation. Similarly, electrolytes becoming too concentrated (option C) is not a direct cause of kidney stone formation. The correct answer is B because the crystallization of minerals in the urine leads to the formation of kidney stones.

4. If an organism is AB, which of the following combinations in the gametes is NOT possible?

• A. AB
• B. AA
• C. BB
• D. AB

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. If an organism is AB, it indicates that it carries two different alleles. During gamete formation, each gamete receives only one allele from the pair present in the organism. Therefore, in this case, the possible gametes would be 'A' and 'B,' making 'AA' impossible. Choice A, 'AB,' is possible as each gamete can carry one of the alleles from the genotype. Similarly, 'BB' is also possible if one of the alleles separates into a gamete. Choice D, 'AB,' is essentially the same genotype as the organism and is a possible combination in the gametes.

5. In endocrine regulation, the feedback loop is a critical concept. In a negative feedback loop, high levels of a hormone can result in:

• A. Further stimulating the release of the same hormone
• B. Inhibiting the release of the hormone or its production
• C. Having no effect on the hormone's regulation
• D. Increasing the need for another hormone entirely

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In a negative feedback loop, high levels of a hormone will inhibit the release of the hormone or its production. This mechanism is crucial for maintaining homeostasis by preventing excessive levels of hormones in the body. When a hormone reaches a certain concentration, it triggers the body to decrease its production or release, thereby ensuring a balance within the system. Choice A is incorrect because a negative feedback loop aims to counteract high hormone levels, not further stimulate them. Choice C is incorrect as high hormone levels do have an effect by triggering the feedback loop. Choice D is incorrect as the negative feedback loop operates within the same hormone system rather than increasing the need for an entirely different hormone.

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