Nursing Elites

1. Which organ helps break down food by grinding it with your teeth?

• A. Stomach
• B. Esophagus
• C. Liver
• D. Mouth

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Mouth. The mouth is the organ that helps break down food by grinding it with your teeth. The process of chewing, also known as mastication, breaks down food into smaller pieces, making it easier to swallow and digest. The teeth in the mouth play a crucial role in this initial stage of digestion by physically breaking down food into smaller particles. The other options listed, such as the stomach, esophagus, and liver, do not directly participate in the mechanical breakdown of food through chewing. The stomach is responsible for further digestion through chemical processes, the esophagus is a muscular tube that helps transport food to the stomach, and the liver is primarily involved in metabolic functions and bile production.

2. Bone is primarily composed of which of the following inorganic materials?

• A. calcium
• B. magnesium
• C. collagen
• D. potassium

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Bone is primarily composed of calcium, making up about 70% of its inorganic content. Calcium is essential for bone strength and structure, playing a key role in maintaining bone health. Choice B, magnesium, while important for bone health, is found in smaller amounts in bones compared to calcium. Choice C, collagen, is a protein and is a major organic component of bone, not an inorganic material. Choice D, potassium, is an essential mineral for various bodily functions but is not a primary inorganic material found in bones.

3. What is the process of converting ammonia, a byproduct of protein digestion, into a less toxic form?

• A. Deamination
• B. Transamination
• C. Decarboxylation
• D. Hydrolysis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Deamination is the correct answer. It is the process of removing an amino group from a molecule, like converting ammonia (NH3) into a less toxic form such as urea. Ammonia, a byproduct of protein digestion, must be converted into a less toxic form for excretion. Deamination is a crucial step that mainly occurs in the liver through the urea cycle. Transamination involves transferring an amino group from one molecule to another, not removing it as in deamination. Decarboxylation is the removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule, and hydrolysis is the breakdown of a compound by adding water.

4. Which part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?

• A. Cerebellum
• B. Cerebrum
• C. Hypothalamus
• D. Thalamus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the cerebellum. It plays a vital role in balance and coordination by controlling motor functions, precision, and timing of movements. The cerebrum is primarily involved in higher brain functions such as thinking and problem-solving. The hypothalamus regulates essential bodily functions like temperature and hunger, while the thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory information, directing it to the appropriate areas of the brain for processing.

5. Which of the following conditions is characterized by a wasting or decrease in muscle mass?

• A. Hypertrophy
• B. Atrophy
• C. Spasticity
• D. Myopathy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Atrophy is the correct answer as it is characterized by a wasting or decrease in muscle mass. Hypertrophy, on the other hand, refers to an increase in muscle size. Spasticity is associated with increased muscle tone due to continuous contraction of muscles. Myopathy, on the other hand, is a broad term used to describe various muscle diseases affecting muscle tissue, which may or may not involve muscle wasting.

Similar Questions