Nursing Elites

1. Which type of epithelium lines the inner surface of the oral cavity, providing a barrier against external insults?

• A. Simple squamous epithelium
• B. Stratified squamous epithelium
• C. Simple columnar epithelium
• D. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The oral cavity is constantly exposed to mechanical stress and potential injury from food particles and other external factors. To protect against these insults, a strong and resilient epithelium is needed. Stratified squamous epithelium is the best choice for lining the oral cavity due to its multiple layers of cells. This type of epithelium provides a robust barrier that can withstand abrasion and protect the underlying tissues. Simple squamous epithelium (choice A) is too thin and not suitable for a protective function. Simple columnar epithelium (choice C) is more suited for absorption and secretion functions, not protection against mechanical stress. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (choice D) is found in respiratory passages and functions in mucociliary clearance, not in providing a protective barrier against external insults in the oral cavity.

2. Which property of a substance refers to its ability to be hammered or pressed into thin sheets without breaking?

• A. Malleability
• B. Ductility
• C. Viscosity
• D. Conductivity

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Malleability is the correct answer as it is the property of a substance that allows it to be hammered or pressed into thin sheets without breaking. This property is crucial for materials like metals that need to be shaped without breaking. Ductility, on the other hand, refers to the ability of a substance to be drawn into thin wires, not hammered into sheets. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, indicating its thickness or thinness, and is unrelated to the ability to be hammered. Conductivity, on the other hand, refers to a substance's ability to conduct electricity or heat, which is not related to its ability to be hammered or pressed into thin sheets.

3. A scientist wants to measure how far a person can run in 30 minutes. Which of the following units should be used to record this measurement as a small number?

• A. Gigameters
• B. Kilometers
• C. Megameters
• D. Terameters

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Kilometers are commonly used for shorter distances and would provide a small and practical number to measure distance in this context. Gigameters, Megameters, and Terameters are much larger units of measurement and would result in very large numbers, making them impractical for measuring the distance a person can run in 30 minutes. Therefore, the correct choice is Kilometers as it is a suitable unit for measuring such distances within a reasonable range.

4. Which hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, helps regulate the body's response to stress, including increasing blood pressure and suppressing the immune system?

• A. Aldosterone
• B. Epinephrine
• C. Cortisol
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Cortisol is the correct answer. It is the hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate the body's response to stress. Cortisol plays a crucial role in increasing blood pressure and suppressing the immune system during stressful situations. Aldosterone, another hormone from the adrenal glands, primarily regulates salt and water balance in the body, not the stress response. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress, but its effects are more immediate and short-lived compared to cortisol. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, regulates blood sugar levels and is not directly involved in the body's response to stress.

5. What is the relationship between work and energy?

• A. Work is the rate of energy transfer
• B. Work and energy are the same concepts
• C. Work is the result of energy
• D. Work changes an object's energy from one form to another

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Work is defined as the transfer of energy from one system to another. It is the rate at which energy is transferred or converted. Therefore, work is the rate of energy transfer, making option A the correct choice. Work involves the transfer or conversion of energy, but it is not the same as energy itself, nor is it the result of energy. Additionally, work does not change an object's energy from one form to another; instead, it involves the transfer of energy.

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