Nursing Elites

1. What is the term for a repetitive, involuntary muscle contraction that can cause pain and stiffness?

• A. Cramp
• B. Spasm
• C. Tic
• D. Fibrosis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A spasm is a repetitive, involuntary muscle contraction that can cause pain and stiffness. While cramps are a type of spasm, not all spasms are cramps. Tics are sudden, repetitive movements or sounds made involuntarily. Fibrosis refers to the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as part of a reparative or reactive process. In this context, a spasm best fits the description provided, making it the correct answer. Cramp, although related to spasms, is more specific and not the general term being sought. Tic does not describe a muscle contraction but rather sudden movements or sounds. Fibrosis does not directly relate to muscle contractions but rather to the formation of excess fibrous tissue in organs or tissues.

2. Which of the following is a common property of both acids and bases?

• A. React with metals to produce hydrogen gas
• B. Taste sour
• C. Turn blue litmus paper red
• D. Conduct electricity when dissolved in water

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Both acids and bases can conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Acids ionize in water to produce H+ ions, which can carry an electric current, while bases ionize to produce OH- ions, which also conduct electricity. The other options are not common properties of both acids and bases. Reacting with metals to produce hydrogen gas is characteristic of acids, tasting sour is a property of acids, and turning blue litmus paper red is a property of bases, not a common property shared by both.

3. What is the term for the phenomenon when two waves combine to form a new wave?

• A. Diffraction
• B. Interference
• C. Refraction
• D. Dispersion

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Interference. Interference is the term used to describe the phenomenon when two waves combine to form a new wave. When waves interact constructively or destructively, they interfere with each other, resulting in a new wave pattern. Choice A, Diffraction, refers to the bending of waves around obstacles, not the combination of waves. Choice C, Refraction, is the bending of waves as they pass from one medium to another, not the combination of waves. Choice D, Dispersion, is the separation of light into its different colors, not the combination of waves.

4. Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood sugar levels?

• A. Glucagon
• B. Insulin
• C. Adrenaline
• D. Cortisol

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Insulin is the hormone responsible for lowering blood sugar levels. It is produced by the pancreas and facilitates the entry of glucose into cells, thereby reducing blood sugar levels. Glucagon, adrenaline, and cortisol have roles in increasing blood sugar levels through various mechanisms. Glucagon raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose, adrenaline increases blood sugar in fight-or-flight responses, and cortisol raises blood sugar levels as part of the stress response. Therefore, in the context of lowering blood sugar levels, insulin is the correct answer.

5. An object is thrown upwards and reaches a maximum height. Which of the following statements is TRUE about its velocity and acceleration at the peak?

• A. Velocity is zero and acceleration is maximum upwards.
• B. Velocity is maximum and acceleration is zero.
• C. Velocity is maximum and acceleration is maximum upwards.
• D. Velocity is zero and acceleration is maximum downwards.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: At the peak of the object's motion, its velocity is zero because it momentarily stops before changing direction and starts to fall back down. The acceleration at the peak is maximum upwards as gravity is acting against the object's motion, slowing it down until it stops momentarily. Choice A is correct because at the peak, the object's velocity is zero, and the acceleration is maximum upwards. Choice B is incorrect because the velocity is not maximum but zero at the peak. Choice C is incorrect as both velocity and acceleration are not maximum at the peak. Choice D is incorrect as the acceleration at the peak is upwards, opposing the object's motion, not downwards.

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