Nursing Elites

1. What is the process by which RNA molecules are modified after transcription but before translation?

• A. Replication
• B. Splicing
• C. Editing
• D. Packaging

Correct answer: B

Rationale: B) Splicing is the correct answer. Splicing is the process by which non-coding regions (introns) are removed from pre-mRNA, and the remaining coding regions (exons) are joined together to form mature mRNA. This modification occurs after transcription but before translation. A) Replication is incorrect as replication is the process by which DNA is copied to produce a new DNA molecule, not RNA modifications. C) Editing may involve RNA editing, but it is not commonly used to describe the modification of RNA molecules after transcription. D) Packaging is not the correct term as it refers to the condensation and organization of DNA into chromatin in eukaryotic cells, not the modification of RNA molecules.

2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living organisms?

• A. Made up of cells
• B. Able to reproduce
• C. Require energy
• D. Non-motile

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Made up of cells: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, a fundamental characteristic of life as defined by cell theory. B) Able to reproduce: Reproduction is a key characteristic of living organisms to pass on genetic information. C) Require energy: Energy is essential for carrying out life processes like growth and maintenance of homeostasis. D) Non-motile: While some living organisms are non-motile, movement is common in many organisms for survival activities like finding food, escaping predators, and responding to the environment. Therefore, being non-motile is not a universal characteristic of living organisms, making it the correct answer in this context.

3. Homologous structures are those that:

• A. Have the same function but different origins
• B. Have different functions but the same origin
• C. Are similar in appearance and function due to shared ancestry
• D. Are identical in both appearance and function

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Homologous structures are defined as anatomical features that are similar in appearance and function due to shared ancestry. This means that these structures are inherited from a common ancestor and may have evolved to fulfill different functions in different species. Option A, which mentions structures with the same function but different origins, describes analogous structures, not homologous ones. Option B, which refers to structures with different functions but the same origin, actually characterizes vestigial structures. Option D, stating that structures are identical in appearance and function, does not necessarily imply homology; such structures could result from convergent evolution rather than shared ancestry. Understanding homologous structures provides insights into the evolutionary relationships between different species and supports the concept of common descent.

4. Which property of matter remains constant regardless of changes in gravity?

• A. Mass
• B. Weight
• C. Volume
• D. Density

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and remains constant regardless of changes in gravity. Weight, on the other hand, is the force of gravity acting on an object and can vary depending on the strength of gravity. Volume is the amount of space an object occupies, and density is the mass per unit volume of a substance, both of which can change with changes in gravity. Therefore, mass is the property that remains the same regardless of variations in gravitational force. Choice B, Weight, changes with gravity as it is a force dependent on gravity. Choices C and D, Volume and Density, can be affected by changes in gravity as they are related to the space an object occupies and the mass per unit volume, respectively.

5. What is correct about the hormones that stimulate male and female organs to produce male and female sex hormones?

• A. Female organs are stimulated by female hormones and male organs by male hormones.
• B. The same hormones that produce male or female sex characteristics stimulate the organs.
• C. The same hormones stimulate both male and female organs to produce sex hormones.
• D. The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland's secretion of male and female hormones.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. The same hormones stimulate both male and female organs to produce sex hormones. Hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are produced by the pituitary gland and act on the ovaries in females and the testes in males to stimulate the production of sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone in females, testosterone in males). Therefore, the same hormones stimulate both male and female organs to produce sex hormones. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the relationship between hormones and the stimulation of male and female organs to produce sex hormones.

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