Nursing Elites

1. What is the role of bile in digestion?

• A. To break down carbohydrates
• B. To emulsify fats
• C. To neutralize stomach acid
• D. To absorb proteins

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets for easier digestion.

2. What information can be obtained from the mass number of an element?

• A. The number of protons in the nucleus
• B. The total number of protons and neutrons
• C. The number of electrons in the valence shell
• D. The element's chemical reactivity

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The mass number of an element represents the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. This information is crucial for determining the atomic mass of the element and understanding its stability and isotopes. The number of protons in the nucleus (option A) is represented by the atomic number, not the mass number. The number of electrons in the valence shell (option C) is related to the element's position in the periodic table and its chemical properties, but it is not directly determined by the mass number. The element's chemical reactivity (option D) is influenced by the number and arrangement of electrons in the atom's energy levels, not by the mass number.

3. What is the muscular sac that stores urine until it is released from the body known as?

• A. Urethra
• B. Bladder
• C. Ureter
• D. Nephron

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The bladder is the muscular sac that stores urine until it is released from the body. It acts as a reservoir for urine until it is eliminated through the urethra. The urethra is the tube responsible for carrying urine from the bladder to the outside. The ureter transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney involved in the filtration of blood and urine production. Therefore, the correct answer is the bladder, as it specifically fulfills the function of storing urine before its elimination.

4. Which of the following is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body?

• A. Brainstem
• B. Hypothalamus
• C. Medulla oblongata
• D. Cerebrum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Hypothalamus (choice B). The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating various bodily functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sleep cycles. While the brainstem (choice A) is involved in basic life functions like breathing and heart rate, it is not primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis. The medulla oblongata (choice C) is part of the brainstem and controls vital autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate, but it is not the main regulator of homeostasis. The cerebrum (choice D) is responsible for higher brain functions such as thinking, memory, and voluntary movement, but it is not directly involved in maintaining overall bodily balance or homeostasis.

5. The neutral theory of molecular evolution proposes that:

• A. Most mutations in DNA are selectively neutral and do not affect an organism's fitness.
• B. All mutations are beneficial and contribute to the adaptation of a population.
• C. The rate of evolution is primarily driven by strong directional selection pressures.
• D. Genetic drift plays a negligible role in shaping genetic variation within populations.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) The neutral theory of molecular evolution, proposed by Motoo Kimura in the 1960s, suggests that the majority of mutations that occur in DNA are selectively neutral, meaning they do not have a significant impact on an organism's fitness. These neutral mutations are not subject to natural selection and are allowed to accumulate in populations over time. This theory helps explain the high levels of genetic variation observed within populations. B) Option B is incorrect because not all mutations are beneficial. Mutations can be neutral, harmful, or beneficial, and the neutral theory specifically focuses on the idea that many mutations are neutral in their effects. C) Option C is incorrect because the neutral theory suggests that evolution is not primarily driven by strong directional selection pressures. Instead, it emphasizes the role of genetic drift and the accumulation of neutral mutations in shaping genetic variation. D) Option D is incorrect because

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