Nursing Elites

1. What is the relationship between work and energy?

• A. Work is the rate of energy transfer
• B. Work and energy are the same concepts
• C. Work is the result of energy
• D. Work changes an object's energy from one form to another

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Work is defined as the transfer of energy from one system to another. It is the rate at which energy is transferred or converted. Therefore, work is the rate of energy transfer, making option A the correct choice. Work involves the transfer or conversion of energy, but it is not the same as energy itself, nor is it the result of energy. Additionally, work does not change an object's energy from one form to another; instead, it involves the transfer of energy.

2. Which of the following best describes a chemical change?

• A. Melting ice to form water
• B. Dissolving sugar in water
• C. Burning wood to produce ash
• D. Crushing a can to reduce its size

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A chemical change involves a chemical reaction where new substances are formed. Burning wood to produce ash is an example of a chemical change because the wood undergoes a chemical reaction to form a new substance (ash). In this process, the chemical composition of wood changes to produce ash, which is a new substance. On the other hand, melting ice to form water, dissolving sugar in water, and crushing a can to reduce its size are examples of physical changes. In these instances, the substances may change their physical state or appearance but do not undergo a chemical reaction to form new substances. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer as it represents a chemical change, while choices A, B, and D represent physical changes.

3. Which hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile?

• A. Gastrin
• B. Insulin
• C. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
• D. Glucagon

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the correct answer. It is the hormone that stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile. CCK is released by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats and proteins in the duodenum, triggering the release of digestive enzymes and bile to aid in the digestion of fats and proteins. Gastrin (Choice A) primarily stimulates gastric acid secretion, not the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile. Insulin (Choice B) regulates blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake. Glucagon (Choice D) raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the liver.

4. What is a reaction between an acid and a base known as?

• A. Precipitation
• B. Neutralization
• C. Oxidation-reduction
• D. Photolysis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Neutralization. When an acid and a base react, they neutralize each other's properties, resulting in the formation of water and a salt. Choice A, 'Precipitation,' refers to the formation of a solid from a solution during a chemical reaction. Choice C, 'Oxidation-reduction,' involves the transfer of electrons between reactants. Choice D, 'Photolysis,' is a reaction where a compound is broken down into smaller components by light energy. Therefore, the most appropriate term for a reaction between an acid and a base is neutralization.

5. The hypothalamus, a part of the brain, plays a crucial role in endocrine regulation. It secretes GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce FSH and LH. What is the MAIN function of FSH and LH?

• A. Regulate blood sugar levels
• B. Control growth and development
• C. Stimulate the fight-or-flight response
• D. Maintain calcium homeostasis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone) are hormones produced by the pituitary gland in response to GnRH from the hypothalamus. FSH plays a key role in the growth and development of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males. LH is essential for the maturation of the ovarian follicle, ovulation, and the formation of the corpus luteum in females, as well as the production of testosterone in males. Therefore, the main function of FSH and LH is to control growth and development in the reproductive system. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the roles of FSH and LH in reproductive physiology. Regulating blood sugar levels is primarily the function of insulin and glucagon, controlling the fight-or-flight response involves hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline, and maintaining calcium homeostasis is mainly regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.

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