Nursing Elites

1. What is the name of the muscular ring that controls the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach?

• A. Pyloric sphincter
• B. Cardiac sphincter
• C. Ileocecal valve
• D. Sphincter of Oddi

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter). It is situated at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach, controlling the passage of food into the stomach. The cardiac sphincter opens and closes to regulate the flow of food and prevent reflux. The pyloric sphincter, on the other hand, is located between the stomach and the small intestine, not the esophagus and stomach. The ileocecal valve is positioned between the small and large intestines, while the Sphincter of Oddi is found in the duodenum, not between the esophagus and stomach.

2. Deuterium, a stable isotope of hydrogen, has a nucleus containing:

• A. A single proton
• B. A proton and a neutron
• C. Two protons and an electron
• D. Two neutrons

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Deuterium, as an isotope of hydrogen, has an atomic number of 1 and a mass number of 2. The nucleus of deuterium contains one proton (as in all hydrogen atoms) and one neutron, totaling 2 nucleons in the nucleus. Therefore, the correct answer is that deuterium's nucleus contains a proton and a neutron. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Deuterium is not just a single proton (A), doesn't have two protons and an electron (C), and doesn't contain two neutrons (D). The correct composition of deuterium's nucleus is one proton and one neutron.

3. Which respiratory structure is responsible for the production of mucus to trap particles and for the movement of cilia to sweep mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract?

• A. Trachea
• B. Larynx
• C. Bronchi
• D. Respiratory epithelium

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The respiratory epithelium is the correct answer because it is the tissue lining the respiratory tract responsible for producing mucus to trap particles and containing cilia that sweep the mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract. The trachea, larynx, and bronchi are all structures within the respiratory system but do not specifically carry out the functions described in the question. The trachea is a passage for air, the larynx is involved in sound production and protecting the airway, and the bronchi are airway passages that branch from the trachea to the lungs. Only the respiratory epithelium fits the description of producing mucus and utilizing cilia for particle removal in the respiratory tract.

4. What is the function of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart?

• A. To generate electrical impulses for heart contraction
• B. To transport blood throughout the body
• C. To provide lubrication for heart movement
• D. To protect the heart and anchor it in place

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and contains a small amount of fluid to provide lubrication for the movement of the heart within the chest cavity. It helps reduce friction as the heart beats and moves. Choice A is incorrect because the generation of electrical impulses for heart contraction is primarily the function of the heart's specialized conduction system. Choice B is incorrect as the pericardium is not involved in the transportation of blood throughout the body. Choice D is also incorrect as while the pericardium does protect the heart, its primary function is to provide lubrication and reduce friction.

5. Which structure in the female reproductive system is responsible for producing eggs (ova)?

• A. Fallopian tubes
• B. Ovaries
• C. Uterus
• D. Vagina

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the ovaries. Ovaries are the primary reproductive organs in females responsible for producing eggs (ova) through a process known as oogenesis. Ova are released from the ovaries during ovulation and can be fertilized by sperm in the fallopian tubes. The uterus is where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus, while the vagina serves as the birth canal and a site for sexual intercourse. Fallopian tubes are responsible for transporting eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and are the site where fertilization typically occurs. Therefore, while important for the reproductive process, the fallopian tubes do not produce eggs.

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