Nursing Elites

1. What is the process of converting ammonia, a byproduct of protein digestion, into a less toxic form?

• A. Deamination
• B. Transamination
• C. Decarboxylation
• D. Hydrolysis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Deamination is the correct answer. It is the process of removing an amino group from a molecule, like converting ammonia (NH3) into a less toxic form such as urea. Ammonia, a byproduct of protein digestion, must be converted into a less toxic form for excretion. Deamination is a crucial step that mainly occurs in the liver through the urea cycle. Transamination involves transferring an amino group from one molecule to another, not removing it as in deamination. Decarboxylation is the removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule, and hydrolysis is the breakdown of a compound by adding water.

2. In which position allows access to the stomach?

• A. Medial
• B. Prone
• C. Superficial
• D. Supine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The question now specifies the need for a position that allows access to the stomach. The correct answer is 'B: Prone.' In the prone position, the patient lies face down, which facilitates access to the stomach for various procedures or examinations. Choice A, 'Medial,' refers to a direction rather than a patient position. Choice C, 'Superficial,' describes a superficial depth rather than a patient position. Choice D, 'Supine,' is a position where the patient lies face up, which does not provide easy access to the stomach.

3. Which of the following describes a scalar quantity?

• A. Velocity
• B. Acceleration
• C. Force
• D. Speed

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A scalar quantity is a physical quantity that has magnitude only, without any direction. Speed is an example of a scalar quantity because it only describes how fast an object is moving without specifying the direction of motion. Velocity, acceleration, and force are vector quantities because they have both magnitude and direction. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Speed.' Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because velocity, acceleration, and force are all vector quantities that involve both magnitude and direction.

4. What is the primary function of the liver related to digestion?

• A. Produces bile
• B. Stores bile
• C. Converts waste ammonia into urea
• D. Filters and detoxifies digestion byproducts

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The primary function of the liver related to digestion is to filter and detoxify byproducts of digestion, including toxins and metabolic waste products. While the liver does produce bile and convert waste ammonia into urea, these functions are not directly related to digestion. Storing bile is mainly done by the gallbladder, not the liver.

5. What presents the correct order of cellular respiration?

• A. Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
• B. Citric Acid Cycle, Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Electron Transport Chain
• C. Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Electron Transport Chain, Citric Acid Cycle
• D. Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, Acetyl-CoA

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct order of cellular respiration is Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain. Glycolysis initiates the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm, leading to the formation of pyruvate. This pyruvate is then converted to Acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria, which enters the Citric Acid Cycle to generate energy-rich molecules like NADH and FADH2. Finally, the Electron Transport Chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, utilizes these energy carriers to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Choice B is incorrect because it starts with the Citric Acid Cycle, which comes after Glycolysis. Choice C is incorrect as it places the Citric Acid Cycle before the Electron Transport Chain. Choice D is incorrect by placing Acetyl-CoA last instead of before the Citric Acid Cycle.

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