Nursing Elites

1. In the context of the cardiac cycle, what does the P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represent?

• A. Atrial depolarization
• B. Ventricular depolarization
• C. Atrial repolarization
• D. Ventricular repolarization

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents atrial depolarization, which signifies the electrical activation of the atria as they prepare to contract. During the cardiac cycle, atrial depolarization occurs first, leading to atrial contraction. Ventricular depolarization is represented by the QRS complex, not the P wave. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the P wave specifically corresponds to atrial depolarization, not ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization, or ventricular repolarization.

2. He had to fill out a health history ____ before seeing the doctor.

• A. questionnaire
• B. questionaire
• C. questionnare
• D. questionairre

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'questionnaire.' A questionnaire is a set of questions used for gathering information. The incorrect choices B, C, and D have misspellings of the word 'questionnaire.' 'Questionaire,' 'questionnare,' and 'questionairre' are not correct spellings and may lead to confusion or misunderstanding. It is essential to use the correct spelling to ensure clear communication in healthcare settings.

3. During normal breathing, which muscle is the primary driver of inhalation by contracting and flattening to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. Intercostal muscles
• C. Abdominal muscles
• D. Pectoral muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation during normal breathing. When it contracts, it flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating a negative pressure that allows air to flow into the lungs. Intercostal muscles also play a role in expanding the chest cavity during inhalation, but the diaphragm is the main driver of the process. Abdominal muscles are primarily involved in exhalation by pushing the diaphragm upward to expel air from the lungs. Pectoral muscles are involved in movements of the arms and shoulders, not in breathing, making them incorrect choices for this question.

4. How are the motor pathways of the ANS arranged?

• A. Single neuron from CNS to target organ
• B. Two neurons, a pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neuron
• C. Multiple neurons from CNS to target organ
• D. Single neuron from CNS to peripheral ganglia

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The motor pathways of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are organized with two neurons: a pre-ganglionic neuron that transmits the signal from the central nervous system (CNS) to a ganglion, and a post-ganglionic neuron that conveys the signal from the ganglion to the target organ. This dual-neuron pathway enables the integration and modulation of signals before reaching the target organ, allowing for a more sophisticated and adaptable control system. Choice A is incorrect as it describes a single neuron pathway, which is not characteristic of ANS motor pathways. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests multiple neurons from the CNS to the target organ, which is not the typical arrangement. Choice D is incorrect as it describes a single neuron pathway from the CNS to peripheral ganglia, which does not account for the ganglionic transmission in ANS motor pathways.

5. A restaurant employs servers, hosts, and managers in a ratio of 9:2:1. If there are 36 total employees, what is the number of hosts at the restaurant?

• A. 3
• B. 4
• C. 6
• D. 8

Correct answer: C

Rationale: To find the number of hosts in the restaurant, first, express the ratio algebraically as 9x + 2x + 1x = 36, where x represents the common factor. Combine like terms to get 12x = 36. Solve for x by dividing both sides by 12 to get x = 3. To find the number of hosts, multiply the coefficient of hosts (2) by x, which equals 6. Therefore, there are 6 hosts at the restaurant. Choice A, 3, is incorrect as it represents the number of servers. Choices B and D are incorrect as they do not correspond to the number of hosts based on the given ratio.

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