Nursing Elites

1. What is the primary function of DNA polymerase?

• A. Packaging DNA
• B. Replicating DNA
• C. Transcribing DNA
• D. Translating mRNA

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Replicating DNA. DNA polymerase is an enzyme responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands during DNA replication. It adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand based on the template provided by the existing DNA strand. This process ensures that genetic information is accurately copied and passed on to daughter cells during cell division. Option A, Packaging DNA, refers to the coiling and organization of DNA into chromatin, a process involving histones and other proteins. Option C, Transcribing DNA, involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, a process carried out by RNA polymerase. Option D, Translating mRNA, refers to the process of protein synthesis where the information encoded in mRNA is used to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain.

2. What is the primary function of the spleen, an organ associated with the lymphatic system?

• A. Regulating blood sugar levels
• B. Filtering blood and destroying old red blood cells
• C. Producing digestive enzymes
• D. Secreting hormones

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The spleen is primarily responsible for filtering blood and destroying old or damaged red blood cells. It also aids in storing blood and producing specific types of white blood cells, contributing to maintaining blood quality and immune system function. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the spleen is not involved in regulating blood sugar levels, producing digestive enzymes, or secreting hormones. These functions are carried out by other organs in the body.

3. What is the pathway of oxygenated blood from the lungs?

• A. Lungs to the left atrium, through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, pumped into the aorta upon contraction, then dispersed to tissues via a network of arteries and capillaries
• B. Lungs to the right atrium, through the mitral valve into the right ventricle, pumped into the aorta upon contraction, then dispersed to tissues via a network of arteries and veins
• C. Lungs to the left atrium, directly to the right aorta, then dispersed to tissues via a network of arteries and capillaries
• D. Lungs to the left atrium, through the septal valve, stored in the left ventricles, then dispersed to tissues via a network of arteries and capillaries

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct pathway of oxygenated blood from the lungs is as follows: Oxygenated blood travels from the lungs to the left atrium, then passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From there, it is pumped into the aorta upon contraction of the heart and is then dispersed to various tissues throughout the body via a network of arteries and capillaries. Choice B is incorrect as it incorrectly mentions the right atrium and ventricle, which are associated with deoxygenated blood. Choice C is incorrect as it mentions a direct connection to the right aorta, which does not exist in the circulatory system. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to the septal valve (which is not anatomically correct) and storing blood in the left ventricle, which does not occur in the normal circulation of blood.

4. Which type of cell division is responsible for growth and repair?

• A. Meiosis
• B. Mitosis
• C. Binary fission
• D. Osmosis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Mitosis is the correct type of cell division responsible for growth and repair. During mitosis, a cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells, contributing to growth and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. Meiosis, on the other hand, is involved in the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells) for sexual reproduction. Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms, and osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are not directly related to growth and repair in multicellular organisms.

5. Which of the following is an example of an organ?

• A. Skin
• B. Neuron
• C. Brainstem
• D. DNA

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, 'Skin.' The skin is the largest organ in the human body and consists of multiple tissue types working together to perform various functions such as protection, sensation, and temperature regulation. Choice B, 'Neuron,' is a specialized cell in the nervous system and not an organ. Choice C, 'Brainstem,' is a part of the central nervous system composed of nerve tissues but is not an organ on its own. Choice D, 'DNA,' is a molecule that carries genetic instructions, not an organ.

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