Nursing Elites

1. What is the term for the inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often causing wheezing and difficulty breathing?

• A. Pneumonia
• B. Emphysema
• C. Asthma
• D. Pleurisy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation of the airways in the lungs, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to symptoms like fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by damage to the air sacs in the lungs, resulting in shortness of breath and a chronic cough. Pleurisy, on the other hand, is inflammation of the lining around the lungs, causing chest pain that worsens with breathing or coughing. Therefore, the correct term for the inflammation of the airways in the lungs with symptoms of wheezing and difficulty breathing is Asthma.

2. Which type of nutrients require minimal digestion before absorption?

• A. Carbohydrates
• B. Proteins
• C. Fats
• D. Vitamins

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates require digestion by enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine before they can be broken down into simple sugars for absorption. B) Proteins: Proteins need to be broken down into amino acids by stomach acid and digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine before they can be absorbed. C) Fats: Fats require bile from the gallbladder to emulsify them into smaller droplets for enzymes to break them down into fatty acids and glycerol for absorption. D) Vitamins: Vitamins are organic compounds that are already in a form that can be readily absorbed by the body without extensive digestion. They are absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the small intestine and do not require significant breakdown before absorption.

3. Which statement is true regarding aromatic compounds?

• A. Contain a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds
• B. Readily undergo addition reactions
• C. Are easily broken down by water
• D. Do not contain any pi (π) bonds

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Aromatic compounds contain a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds, known as a benzene ring. This alternating pattern of bonds gives aromatic compounds their stability and unique properties. Due to this resonance, aromatic compounds are less reactive towards addition reactions. Water does not easily break down aromatic compounds due to their stability from the delocalized electrons in the ring structure. Therefore, the correct statement is that aromatic compounds contain a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds, providing them with stability and unique properties. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Aromatic compounds do not readily undergo addition reactions (B), are not easily broken down by water (C), and do contain pi (π) bonds due to the presence of the alternating single and double bonds in the ring structure (D).

4. The adrenal cortex produces a group of steroid hormones called corticosteroids. What is a MAJOR function of corticosteroids?

• A. Regulate insulin sensitivity and blood sugar levels
• B. Control blood pressure and electrolyte balance
• C. Stimulate the immune system and inflammatory response
• D. Promote growth and development during puberty

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Corticosteroids, produced by the adrenal cortex, primarily function to control blood pressure and electrolyte balance. One of the key corticosteroids, aldosterone, plays a crucial role in regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body. This regulation is essential for maintaining blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because corticosteroids do not primarily regulate insulin sensitivity and blood sugar levels, stimulate the immune system and inflammatory response, or promote growth and development during puberty. While corticosteroids can have effects on insulin sensitivity, immune response, and growth, their major role is in maintaining blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

5. Which of the following accurately describes the measurements?

• A. They are both accurate and precise.
• B. They are accurate but not precise.
• C. They are precise but not accurate.
• D. They are neither accurate nor precise.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value, while precision refers to how close individual measurements are to each other. If the measurements are accurate but not precise, it means they consistently hit the target value but may vary in terms of how closely grouped they are. Choice B, 'They are accurate but not precise,' correctly describes the scenario where the measurements are on target but not consistently close to each other. Choice A is incorrect because it implies both accuracy and precision, which is not the case here. Choice C is incorrect because it suggests precision without accuracy, while choice D is incorrect as it indicates neither accuracy nor precision, which is not a typical scenario for measurements.

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