Nursing Elites

1. What substance is required to drive the sliding filament process during muscle contraction?

• A. ATP
• B. Hormone
• C. Potassium
• D. Water

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The substance required to drive the sliding filament process during muscle contraction is ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP provides the energy needed for muscle contraction by enabling the myosin heads to bind to actin and generate force. This energy release drives the sliding of the filaments, causing muscle fibers to contract. Hormones, potassium, and water do not directly drive the sliding filament process in muscle contraction. Hormones are signaling molecules that regulate various physiological processes but do not directly provide energy for muscle contraction. Potassium is an electrolyte important for nerve and muscle function but is not the primary driver of the sliding filament process. Water is essential for overall hydration and bodily functions but does not directly participate in the muscle contraction process.

2. Four different groups of the same species of peas are grown and exposed to differing levels of sunlight, water, and fertilizer as documented in the table below. The data in the water and fertilizer columns indicate how many times the peas are watered or fertilized per week, respectively. Group 2 is the only group that withered. What is a reasonable explanation for this occurrence? Group Sunlight Water Fertilizer 1 partial sun 4 mL/hr 1 2 full sun 7 mL/hr 1 3 no sun 14 mL/hr 2 4 partial sun 3 mL/hr 2

• A. Insects gnawed away at the stem of the plant.
• B. The roots rotted due to poor drainage.
• C. The soil type had nutritional deficiencies.
• D. This species of peas does not thrive in full sunlight.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Group 2, the only group that withered, was exposed to full sun. This suggests that the species of peas being studied does not thrive in full sunlight, leading to its deterioration compared to the other groups with different light exposures. Choices A, B, and C are not the correct explanations for the withering of Group 2. There is no mention of insects in the stem, poor drainage, or soil nutritional deficiencies in the scenario provided. The key factor that sets Group 2 apart from the others is the full sunlight exposure, indicating that the species of peas is not suited for such conditions.

3. What is an electrically charged atom called?

• A. Ion
• B. Isotope
• C. Molecule
• D. Compound

Correct answer: A

Rationale: An ion is an atom that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge, making it electrically charged. This term specifically refers to atoms with a net electrical charge. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, not electrically charged. Molecules are formed when atoms bond together, but they are not necessarily charged. Compounds are substances composed of different elements bonded together, but they may not be electrically charged.

4. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tough connective tissues called

• A. Ligaments
• B. Tendons
• C. Cartilage
• D. Fascia

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tough connective tissues called tendons. Tendons are strong, fibrous cords that connect muscles to bones, allowing for movement and stability in the body. Ligaments (option A) connect bones to other bones, not muscles to bones. Cartilage (option C) is firm and flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body, but it does not attach muscles to bones. Fascia (option D) is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, providing support and protection, but it does not directly attach muscles to bones.

5. Which property of matter refers to the force of gravity acting on an object?

• A. Mass
• B. Weight
• C. Density
• D. Volume

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Weight is the property of matter that refers to the force of gravity acting on an object. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, not affected by gravity. Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance, not directly related to gravity. Volume is the amount of space that an object occupies, not a measure of gravity's force.

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