Nursing Elites

1. Which property of a substance resists a change in its shape?

• A. Density
• B. Mass
• C. Inertia
• D. Elasticity

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Elasticity refers to a material's ability to resist deformation and return to its original shape after stress is applied. It is the property that resists a change in shape. Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, while inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion. Viscosity, not mentioned in the question, is the resistance of a fluid to flow, not shape change.

2. What is the role of the pancreas in regulating blood sugar levels?

• A. To produce insulin only
• B. To produce both insulin and glucagon
• C. To store glucose
• D. To produce adrenaline

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The pancreas plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by producing both insulin and glucagon. Insulin helps lower blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells, while glucagon raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of stored glucose into the bloodstream. Choice A is incorrect because the pancreas produces both insulin and glucagon. Choice C is incorrect because the pancreas does not store glucose; instead, it regulates glucose levels. Choice D is incorrect because adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands, not the pancreas, and is not directly involved in regulating blood sugar levels.

3. What element is responsible for the red color of blood?

• A. Magnesium
• B. Iron
• C. Copper
• D. Zinc

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Iron. Hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells, contains iron in its heme group, contributing to the blood's characteristic red color. Magnesium (choice A), copper (choice C), and zinc (choice D) are not responsible for the red color of blood. Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in various physiological processes, copper is a trace element important for enzyme function, and zinc is a micronutrient essential for multiple cellular functions but not related to the red color of blood.

4. Which of the following structures has the lowest blood pressure?

• A. Arteries
• B. Arterioles
• C. Venules
• D. Veins

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Veins have the lowest blood pressure among the listed structures. Blood pressure decreases as blood flows from arteries to arterioles, then to venules, and finally to veins. Veins return blood to the heart under low pressure because they have thinner walls and larger lumens compared to arteries and arterioles. This anatomical difference allows veins to accommodate a greater volume of blood without a significant rise in pressure. Arteries have the highest blood pressure to propel blood away from the heart, followed by arterioles which regulate blood flow to capillaries. Venules collect blood from capillaries and connect to veins, which then carry blood back to the heart at a lower pressure.

5. What is the primary function of lymph nodes, small, bean-shaped structures found along lymphatic vessels?

• A. To store excess lymph fluid
• B. To produce red blood cells
• C. To filter lymph and fight infection
• D. To transport lymph to the heart

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Lymph nodes primarily function to filter lymph and fight infection. They contain immune cells that help to remove pathogens and foreign particles from the lymph fluid as it passes through the nodes. This process helps to activate the immune response and defend the body against infections. Choice A is incorrect as lymph nodes do not store excess lymph fluid; they filter lymph. Choice B is incorrect as the production of red blood cells primarily occurs in the bone marrow, not in lymph nodes. Choice D is incorrect as lymph nodes do not transport lymph to the heart; they filter and process lymph to remove impurities and activate the immune response.

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