Nursing Elites

1. In a graph that shows the number of nurses in various specialties, what is the independent variable?

• A. Anesthesia
• B. Geriatrics
• C. Nurse specialties
• D. Number of nurses

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The independent variable is the variable that is controlled or manipulated in an experiment or study. In this case, the independent variable is the nurse specialties because it is the factor that is being observed and measured to see how it affects the number of nurses in each specialty. The dependent variable, which changes in response to the independent variable, is the number of nurses. Choices A and B are specific nurse specialties and are actually part of the data being measured, not the independent variable itself. Choice D, 'Number of nurses,' is the dependent variable as it is the outcome that is being influenced by the independent variable, which is the nurse specialties.

2. Which property describes a substance's resistance to flow?

• A. Density
• B. Viscosity
• C. Conductivity
• D. Reactivity

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Viscosity is the property that describes a substance's resistance to flow. A substance with high viscosity flows slowly, while a substance with low viscosity flows quickly. Density (A) is the measure of mass per unit volume; conductivity (C) is the ability of a material to conduct electricity or heat, and reactivity (D) refers to how readily a substance undergoes chemical reactions. Therefore, the correct answer is B, viscosity, as it directly relates to a substance's resistance to flow.

3. Blood type is a trait determined by multiple alleles, with IA coding for A blood, IB coding for B blood, and i coding for O blood being recessive. If an individual with A heterozygosity and an O individual have a child, what is the probability that the child will have A blood?

• A. 25%
• B. 50%
• C. 75%
• D. 100%

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When an A heterozygote individual (IAi) and an O individual (ii) have a child, there are four possible combinations of alleles that the child can inherit: IA from the A parent and i from the O parent; IA from the A parent and i from the O parent; i from the A parent and i from the O parent; i from the A parent and i from the O parent. Out of these combinations, 50% of the offspring will inherit the A allele from the A parent, resulting in A blood type. Therefore, the correct answer is 50%. Choice A is incorrect because the probability is not 25%. Choice C is incorrect as it overestimates the likelihood. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests a certainty which is not the case in genetics.

4. Where does most of the chemical digestion take place?

• A. Large intestine
• B. Stomach
• C. Small intestine
• D. Esophagus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Most of the chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine. Enzymes in the small intestine break down nutrients into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. The stomach plays a role in digestion by breaking down food mechanically and initiating some chemical digestion, but the majority of nutrient breakdown and absorption happens in the small intestine. The large intestine mainly absorbs water and salts, with little to no digestion taking place there. The esophagus is a muscular tube that helps move food from the mouth to the stomach and does not participate in digestion.

5. In the reaction 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2, what is the limiting reactant when 3 moles of sodium react with 2 moles of water?

• A. Na
• B. H2O
• C. NaOH
• D. H2

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The balanced chemical equation indicates that 2 moles of sodium react with 2 moles of water to yield 2 moles of sodium hydroxide and 1 mole of hydrogen gas. When 3 moles of sodium react with only 2 moles of water, sodium becomes the limiting reactant as it is present in excess compared to the available water molecules. This situation arises because not all sodium atoms can fully react with the limited amount of water, resulting in sodium being the limiting reactant in this specific case. Choice B (H2O), choice C (NaOH), and choice D (H2) are incorrect as they are not the limiting reactant in the given reaction scenario.

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