Nursing Elites

1. What is the dermis composed of?

• A. Adipose tissue
• B. Epithelial cells
• C. Connective tissue
• D. Muscle tissue

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Connective tissue. The dermis is primarily composed of connective tissue, which includes collagen and elastin fibers that provide strength and elasticity to the skin. It houses blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands, playing a crucial role in supporting the skin structure and function. Adipose tissue (choice A) is found in the subcutaneous layer beneath the dermis, providing insulation and energy storage. Epithelial cells (choice B) form the outermost layer of the skin called the epidermis. Muscle tissue (choice D) is not a significant component of the dermis but is found deeper in the body associated with movement and support.

2. Which organelle is responsible for packaging and secreting proteins into the extracellular space?

• A. Golgi apparatus
• B. Mitochondria
• C. Ribosomes
• D. Endoplasmic reticulum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A) Golgi apparatus: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins into vesicles for secretion outside the cell or for use within the cell. It acts as a distribution and shipping department for the cell, ensuring proteins are properly processed and sent to their correct destinations like the extracellular space. Golgi apparatus is the correct answer because it directly handles the packaging and secretion of proteins. B) Mitochondria: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. They are not involved in packaging and secreting proteins into the extracellular space. C) Ribosomes: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, where they translate mRNA into proteins. They are not involved in packaging and secreting proteins into the extracellular space. D) Endoplasmic reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a role in protein synthesis and folding, but it is the rough ER specifically that is involved in synthesizing proteins that are then transported to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and packaging. The Golgi apparatus is primarily responsible for packaging and secreting proteins, making it the correct answer for this question.

3. Centrioles are structures involved in cell division. What is their specific role?

• A. Forming the nuclear envelope
• B. Replicating DNA
• C. Organizing microtubules during cell division
• D. Protein synthesis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Centrioles are involved in organizing microtubules during cell division, specifically in forming the mitotic spindle. The mitotic spindle is crucial for the proper alignment and separation of chromosomes during cell division, ensuring the accurate distribution of genetic material to daughter cells. Choice A, forming the nuclear envelope, is incorrect as centrioles do not have a direct role in this process. Choice B, replicating DNA, is incorrect as centrioles are not involved in DNA replication. Choice D, protein synthesis, is incorrect as centrioles do not play a role in protein synthesis.

4. Which of the following is NOT a tissue layer found in skeletal bone?

• A. periosteum
• B. bone marrow
• C. enamel
• D. cancellous bone

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Enamel is a hard, outer layer that covers the crown of a tooth and is not a tissue layer found in skeletal bone. The other options, periosteum, bone marrow, and cancellous bone, are all tissue layers or components found in skeletal bone. Periosteum is the connective tissue layer covering the bone surface, bone marrow is found within the bone cavities, and cancellous bone is a spongy, porous bone tissue.

5. Which macromolecules are composed of nucleotides and store information and energy?

• A. Lipids
• B. Proteins
• C. Carbohydrates
• D. Nucleic acids

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nucleic acids. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are composed of nucleotides and are responsible for storing genetic information and energy (e.g., ATP). Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates are distinct macromolecules with varying functions and structures. Lipids primarily serve as energy reservoirs, structural components, and cell signaling molecules. Proteins play crucial roles in cellular functions like enzyme activity, structural support, and intracellular signaling. Carbohydrates are mainly utilized as an energy source and for structural purposes within cells.

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