Nursing Elites

1. Which type of muscle is characterized by involuntary contractions, is striated, and is primarily found in the heart?

• A. Skeletal muscle
• B. Smooth muscle
• C. Cardiac muscle
• D. Elastic muscle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle fits the description provided in the question as it exhibits involuntary contractions, striations, and is predominantly located in the heart. Skeletal muscle, while also striated, is voluntary and not involuntary like cardiac muscle. Smooth muscle lacks striations and is typically found in the walls of internal organs. Elastic muscle is not a recognized type of muscle tissue in human anatomy, making it an incorrect choice.

2. Which of the following hormones helps regulate blood pressure by affecting kidney function?

• A. Insulin
• B. Testosterone
• C. Renin
• D. Estrogen

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Renin is the hormone that helps regulate blood pressure by affecting kidney function. It is released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume. Renin plays a crucial role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is responsible for regulating blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. Insulin, testosterone, and estrogen do not directly impact blood pressure regulation through kidney function. Insulin is involved in regulating glucose metabolism, testosterone is a male sex hormone, and estrogen is a female sex hormone. Therefore, the correct answer is Renin (Choice C) because of its specific role in blood pressure regulation through kidney function.

3. Which of the following lists of joint types is in the correct order for increasing amounts of permitted motion (least mobile to most mobile)?

• A. Hinge, condyloid, saddle
• B. Saddle, hinge, condyloid
• C. Saddle, condyloid, hinge
• D. Hinge, saddle, condyloid

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct order of joint types, from least mobile to most mobile, is hinge, condyloid, saddle. A hinge joint allows movement in one plane (like a door hinge), a condyloid joint allows movement in two planes but not rotation (like the wrist), and a saddle joint allows movement in multiple directions (like the thumb). Choice A, 'Hinge, condyloid, saddle,' is the correct sequence as it accurately represents the order of increasing permitted motion in joints. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the correct order of joint types from least mobile to most mobile as required by the question.

4. A person who carries a pathogen but does not exhibit any symptoms is considered:

• A. Asymptomatic carrier
• B. Opportunistic pathogen
• C. Nosocomial infection
• D. Vector-borne disease

Correct answer: A

Rationale: An asymptomatic carrier is a person who carries a pathogen, such as a virus or bacterium, without showing any symptoms of the infection. Despite lacking symptoms, asymptomatic carriers can still transmit the pathogen to others, potentially causing illness in those they contact. This term specifically pertains to infected individuals who do not manifest symptoms, distinguishing them from symptomatic carriers who do exhibit signs of the infection. Option A is the most fitting choice as it accurately characterizes a person carrying a pathogen without displaying symptoms. B) Opportunistic pathogen: This term describes pathogens that typically do not cause disease in healthy individuals but can be pathogenic in those with weakened immune systems. C) Nosocomial infection: This term refers to infections acquired in a hospital or healthcare facility. D) Vector-borne disease: This term relates to diseases transmitted to humans by vectors like mosquitoes or ticks.

5. What is the main difference between a nuclear reactor and a nuclear bomb?

• A. Reactors use enriched uranium, while bombs use natural uranium.
• B. Reactors have controlled chain reactions, while bombs have uncontrolled chain reactions.
• C. Reactors generate electricity, while bombs cause explosions.
• D. Reactors use moderators, while bombs don't.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The main difference between a nuclear reactor and a nuclear bomb is that reactors have controlled chain reactions, while bombs have uncontrolled chain reactions. Nuclear reactors are designed to sustain a controlled nuclear reaction to generate electricity. In contrast, nuclear bombs are designed to release a massive amount of energy in an uncontrolled chain reaction, resulting in an explosion. Choice A is incorrect because both reactors and bombs can use enriched uranium. Choice C is incorrect as nuclear reactors also generate electricity, not just bombs. Choice D is incorrect because both reactors and bombs may or may not use moderators, but the key distinction lies in the control of the chain reaction.

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