Nursing Elites

1. What is necessary for active transport through a membrane to take place?

• A. Glucose
• B. Oxygen
• C. Sodium
• D. ATP

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Active transport through a membrane requires energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP provides the necessary energy for the transport proteins to move molecules against the concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration. This process is essential for maintaining cellular functions and regulating the internal environment of a cell. Glucose, oxygen, and sodium are important molecules involved in various cellular processes, but they are not the primary energy source required for active transport across membranes. Therefore, the correct answer is ATP.

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of an exothermic reaction?

• A. It absorbs heat
• B. It releases heat
• C. It remains neutral
• D. It requires energy input

Correct answer: B

Rationale: An exothermic reaction is characterized by the release of heat. During an exothermic reaction, energy is released in the form of heat to the surroundings, resulting in a temperature increase. This distinguishes it from endothermic reactions, which absorb heat from the surroundings. Choice A is incorrect because exothermic reactions do not absorb heat; instead, they release heat. Choice C is incorrect as exothermic reactions do not remain neutral; they involve a net release of energy. Choice D is incorrect as exothermic reactions do not require energy input; instead, they release energy.

3. Which type of joint is found in the knee?

• A. Ball and socket joint
• B. Hinge joint
• C. Pivot joint
• D. Saddle joint

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is a hinge joint. The knee is a hinge joint that allows for flexion and extension movements, enabling the leg to bend and straighten. This type of joint is designed for movement along one plane, similar to a door hinge. Choice A, ball and socket joint, is incorrect as this type of joint allows for a wider range of motion in multiple directions, unlike the knee joint. Choice C, pivot joint, and Choice D, saddle joint, are also incorrect as they do not accurately describe the type of joint found in the knee.

4. If a lump under the skin is palpable, what is true?

• A. It is malignant.
• B. It has burst.
• C. It is warm.
• D. It can be felt.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: If a lump under the skin is palpable, it means that it can be felt or touched. Palpable lumps can be detected by touch, which can lead to further evaluation or examination by a healthcare professional to determine the cause and appropriate treatment. The correct answer is 'D' because when a lump is palpable, it means it can be physically felt, indicating its presence under the skin. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the palpability of a lump does not automatically indicate malignancy, bursting, or warmth.

5. In an adiabatic process, there is:

• A. No heat transfer (Q = 0) between the system and the surroundings.
• B. Isothermal compression or expansion (constant temperature).
• C. Constant pressure throughout the process (isobaric process).
• D. No change in the system's internal energy (energy is conserved according to the first law).

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In an adiabatic process, choice A is correct because adiabatic processes involve no heat transfer between the system and its surroundings (Q = 0). This lack of heat transfer is a defining characteristic of adiabatic processes. Choices B, C, and D do not accurately describe an adiabatic process. Choice B refers to an isothermal process where temperature remains constant, not adiabatic. Choice C describes an isobaric process with constant pressure, not specific to adiabatic processes. Choice D mentions the conservation of energy but does not directly relate to the absence of heat transfer in adiabatic processes.

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