HESI A2
Anatomy and Physiology Hesi A2 Practice Test
1. Which of the following statements best describes endocrine glands?
- A. They absorb chemicals from the blood
- B. They secrete chemicals into the blood
- C. They filter chemicals from the blood
- D. They absorb chemicals from the lymphatic system
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'They secrete chemicals into the blood.' Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various body functions. This process helps in maintaining homeostasis and coordinating different physiological processes within the body. Choice A is incorrect as endocrine glands do not absorb chemicals from the blood; instead, they release hormones. Choice C is incorrect as endocrine glands do not filter chemicals from the blood; they secrete hormones. Choice D is incorrect as endocrine glands do not absorb chemicals from the lymphatic system; they release hormones into the bloodstream.
2. What is the most visible part of the ear?
- A. Ear canal
- B. Cochlea
- C. Organ of Corti
- D. Pinna
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The pinna, also known as the auricle, is the most visible part of the ear. Its external shape and location make it easily noticeable on the side of the head. The pinna helps in capturing sound waves and directing them into the ear canal, where the sound transmission process begins. The other structures listed, the Organ of Corti, Cochlea, and Ear canal, are essential parts of the ear involved in hearing and sound processing, but they are not as visibly prominent as the pinna. Therefore, the correct answer is the pinna because of its external visibility and role in capturing sound waves.
3. What is the function of the skin in protecting the body?
- A. To produce vitamin D
- B. To protect against pathogens
- C. To store nutrients
- D. To regulate body temperature
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The skin serves several crucial functions in protecting the body. One of its primary roles is to act as a physical barrier against pathogens, preventing harmful microorganisms from entering the body. Choice A, 'To produce vitamin D,' is incorrect because while the skin is involved in vitamin D synthesis upon exposure to sunlight, its primary protective role is against pathogens. Choice C, 'To store nutrients,' is incorrect as the skin is not a primary organ for nutrient storage. Choice D, 'To regulate body temperature,' is a function of the skin, but the primary role in protecting the body is to act as a barrier against pathogens.
4. Which nutrients are important for bone health?
- A. Vitamin D
- B. Calcium and phosphorus
- C. Iron and zinc
- D. Magnesium and sodium
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Calcium and phosphorus are crucial nutrients for bone health as they are essential minerals required for bone strength, density, and various body functions. Adequate intake of calcium and phosphorus through the diet is important for maintaining healthy bones and preventing conditions like osteoporosis. Vitamin D helps with calcium absorption, but it is not the main nutrient responsible for bone health. Iron and zinc are important for other bodily functions, not specifically bone health. Magnesium and sodium, while important for overall health, are not as directly linked to bone health as calcium and phosphorus.
5. Which cellular structure is responsible for producing energy?
- A. Nucleus
- B. Mitochondria
- C. Ribosome
- D. Golgi apparatus
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Mitochondria are the organelles responsible for producing energy in the cell through a process called cellular respiration. They are often referred to as the powerhouses of the cell due to their role in generating ATP, the cell's energy currency. The nucleus is not involved in energy production but houses the cell's genetic material. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, not energy production. The Golgi apparatus is involved in processing and packaging proteins for secretion, not energy production.
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