HESI A2
HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Practice Test 2023
1. What is the main function of the large intestine?
- A. Absorption of nutrients
- B. Absorption of water
- C. Secretion of digestive enzymes
- D. Breaking down fats
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The main function of the large intestine is the absorption of water and electrolytes from indigestible food residues, helping to form solid waste (feces) for elimination. It mainly reabsorbs water and compacts the remaining material into feces, playing a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance in the body. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because absorption of nutrients primarily occurs in the small intestine, secretion of digestive enzymes mainly occurs in the stomach and small intestine, and breaking down fats primarily occurs in the small intestine with the help of bile from the liver and enzymes.
2. Which of the following structures is located in the respiratory system?
- A. Larynx
- B. Trachea
- C. Pharynx
- D. Esophagus
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a crucial structure in the respiratory system. It is located in the upper part of the trachea and houses the vocal cords. The larynx plays a key role in producing sound and protecting the trachea by closing during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway. This makes the larynx the correct answer in this context. The trachea (Choice B) is a respiratory structure that connects the larynx to the lungs, allowing air to pass through. The pharynx (Choice C) is a shared pathway for both air and food, located at the back of the throat. The esophagus (Choice D) is part of the digestive system, responsible for transporting food from the mouth to the stomach. Therefore, Choices B, C, and D are not located in the respiratory system.
3. What is the primary function of the adrenal glands?
- A. To produce insulin
- B. To regulate metabolism and stress response
- C. To fight infections
- D. To regulate blood pressure
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The primary function of the adrenal glands is to regulate metabolism and the body's stress response. The adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline that play a vital role in managing metabolism, immune response, and stress levels. Choice A is incorrect because insulin is produced by the pancreas, not the adrenal glands. Choice C is incorrect because fighting infections is primarily the role of the immune system. Choice D is incorrect as the regulation of blood pressure involves organs like the heart, kidneys, and blood vessels, not the adrenal glands.
4. What is the primary function of the heart in the circulatory system?
- A. To filter blood
- B. To pump blood throughout the body
- C. To absorb oxygen
- D. To remove carbon dioxide
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To pump blood throughout the body.' The primary function of the heart in the circulatory system is to pump blood, which carries oxygen and nutrients, throughout the body. Choice A, 'To filter blood,' is incorrect as the heart does not filter blood; that is primarily done by the kidneys. Choice C, 'To absorb oxygen,' is incorrect as the lungs are responsible for oxygen absorption. Choice D, 'To remove carbon dioxide,' is incorrect as the lungs facilitate the removal of carbon dioxide from the body.
5. What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?
- A. Regulating blood pressure
- B. Filtering blood to remove waste
- C. Producing red blood cells
- D. Regulating electrolyte balance
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system is to filter blood to remove waste products and excess fluids, which are then excreted as urine. Kidneys act as a filtration system, removing waste like urea, excess salts, and toxins. While the kidneys do play a role in regulating blood pressure by secreting renin and maintaining electrolyte balance by adjusting the levels of sodium, potassium, and other ions in the blood, their main and essential function is filtration and waste removal, making choice B the correct answer.
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