HESI A2
HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Practice Test
1. What condition might result from a lack of vitamin C?
- A. Kwashiorkor
- B. Pellagra
- C. Rickets
- D. Scurvy
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Scurvy is the correct answer. Scurvy is a condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin C in the diet. Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, and its deficiency leads to symptoms such as weakness, swollen and bleeding gums, joint pain, fatigue, and easy bruising. If left untreated, scurvy can lead to more severe complications. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition due to insufficient protein intake, pellagra is caused by a deficiency of niacin (vitamin B3), and rickets results from a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate.
2. Which hormone initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy?
- A. FSH
- B. Estrogen
- C. LH
- D. Progesterone
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Progesterone initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy. It promotes the growth of blood vessels and glands in the endometrial lining, making it conducive for implantation and supporting early pregnancy. While estrogen helps in thickening the endometrium, it is progesterone that plays a crucial role in preparing it for pregnancy. FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) is involved in stimulating ovarian follicles, not directly in preparing the endometrium. LH (Luteinizing hormone) triggers ovulation but does not primarily prepare the endometrium for pregnancy.
3. Which of the following is not an example of a nonspecific immune response?
- A. Inflammation
- B. Vasodilation
- C. Release of histamine
- D. Production of antibodies
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Production of antibodies.' Antibodies are generated as part of the specific immune response, which targets specific antigens. Nonspecific immune responses, such as inflammation, vasodilation, and histamine release, are general defense mechanisms aimed at combating various pathogens. Inflammation is a localized response to infection or injury, vasodilation increases blood flow to the affected area, and histamine release triggers inflammatory responses. It's vital to differentiate between nonspecific responses that provide immediate, general protection and specific responses designed to tackle particular threats.
4. If an impulse is traveling from a sense receptor toward the spinal cord, it is traveling along what type of neuron?
- A. Motor neuron
- B. Sensory neuron
- C. Interneuron
- D. Bipolar neuron
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sensory neuron. A sensory neuron is responsible for carrying impulses from sensory receptors to the spinal cord. These neurons transmit information about external stimuli from the periphery to the central nervous system for processing and response. Choice A, Motor neuron, is incorrect as motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, enabling movement and secretion. Choice C, Interneuron, is incorrect as interneurons act as connectors between sensory and motor neurons, primarily facilitating communication between the two. Choice D, Bipolar neuron, is incorrect as bipolar neurons are specialized sensory neurons found in some sensory organs like the retina of the eye and the olfactory epithelium.
5. Which organ system is primarily responsible for integrating voluntary movements?
- A. Cardiovascular system
- B. Digestive system
- C. Respiratory system
- D. Nervous system
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nervous system. The nervous system is primarily responsible for integrating voluntary movements. This system includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves that communicate signals throughout the body to control movement. The brain interprets sensory information, formulates decisions, and sends signals to the muscles to execute voluntary movements. The cardiovascular system is responsible for circulating blood, the digestive system for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients, and the respiratory system for gas exchange in the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not play a primary role in integrating voluntary movements.
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