HESI A2
HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Practice Test
1. To which two systems does the urethra belong?
- A. Reproductive and endocrine
- B. Urinary and reproductive
- C. Endocrine and urinary
- D. Digestive and cardiovascular
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The urethra belongs to both the urinary and reproductive systems. In the urinary system, it functions as a passage for urine from the bladder to exit the body. In the reproductive system, it serves as a conduit for the expulsion of semen during ejaculation. Choice A is incorrect because the urethra is not part of the endocrine system. Choice C is also incorrect because the urethra is not primarily associated with the endocrine system. Choice D is incorrect as the urethra is not part of the digestive or cardiovascular systems.
2. Which structure of the respiratory system is involved in gas exchange?
- A. Trachea
- B. Bronchioles
- C. Alveoli
- D. Larynx
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The alveoli are the primary site for gas exchange in the respiratory system. These tiny air sacs in the lungs are where oxygen is taken up into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released from the bloodstream into the lungs to be exhaled. The trachea (Choice A) is the windpipe that carries air to and from the lungs but is not directly involved in gas exchange. Bronchioles (Choice B) are smaller airway branches that lead to the alveoli but do not participate in gas exchange themselves. The larynx (Choice D) plays a role in producing sound and protecting the airway but is not primarily responsible for gas exchange.
3. What is the normal pH of human arterial blood?
- A. 6.8
- B. 7.4
- C. 7.9
- D. 8.2
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The normal pH of human arterial blood is approximately 7.4. This slightly alkaline pH is crucial for the proper functioning of enzymes and biochemical processes in the body. Any significant deviation from this pH level can result in serious health issues such as acidosis or alkalosis. Choice A (6.8) is incorrect as it is lower than the normal pH of arterial blood, indicating acidity. Choice C (7.9) and Choice D (8.2) are incorrect as they are higher than the normal pH of arterial blood, indicating alkalinity.
4. How do the muscular and skeletal systems collaborate to facilitate movement?
- A. Muscles attached to tendons contract to bend the skeleton at the joints.
- B. The hard bones of the skeleton protect the voluntary muscles of the limbs.
- C. The cardiac muscles produce calcium that is needed for sturdy bones.
- D. Smooth muscles on internal organs leach excess minerals from the bones.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The muscular system and the skeletal system collaborate to facilitate movement. Muscles are connected to bones through tendons and contract to generate movement at the joints. When muscles contract, they exert force on the bones, resulting in actions like bending the arm or leg. This coordinated effort between muscles and bones is crucial for various activities such as walking, running, and grasping objects. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the interaction between the muscular and skeletal systems. The skeletal system's primary role is to provide structural support and protect internal organs, while cardiac muscles are responsible for heart function and not bone strength. Smooth muscles are found in internal organs and are not involved in leaching excess minerals from bones.
5. Enlargement of the thyroid, commonly known as a goiter, might be expected to affect ___________.
- A. swallowing
- B. insulin levels
- C. sleep
- D. digestion
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Enlargement of the thyroid, known as a goiter, can compress the nearby structures in the neck, including the esophagus. This compression can lead to symptoms such as difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or a sensation of pressure in the throat. Therefore, an enlarged thyroid gland is expected to affect swallowing. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because a goiter primarily affects structures in the neck due to its physical enlargement, rather than directly impacting insulin levels, sleep, or digestion.
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