HESI A2
HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Practice Exam
1. Which organ system is largely responsible for controlling stress?
- A. The endocrine system
- B. The digestive system
- C. The lymphatic system
- D. The respiratory system
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The endocrine system is largely responsible for controlling stress through the release of hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones help regulate the body's response to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy production. The endocrine system plays a crucial role in the body's stress response and helps the body adapt to and cope with stressful situations. The digestive system (Choice B) is primarily responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients, not controlling stress. The lymphatic system (Choice C) is responsible for immune function and maintaining fluid balance, not controlling stress. The respiratory system (Choice D) is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, not controlling stress.
2. What does the parathyroid hormone regulate?
- A. Magnesium
- B. Calcium
- C. Calcitonin
- D. Glucocorticoids
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The parathyroid hormone primarily regulates calcium levels in the blood. It acts to increase calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, enhancing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promoting the conversion of vitamin D to its active form, which aids in calcium absorption from the intestines. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the parathyroid hormone does not play a significant role in the regulation of magnesium (Choice A), calcitonin (Choice C), or glucocorticoids (Choice D).
3. When are gallstones most problematic?
- A. When they block a duct
- B. When they contain cholesterol
- C. When they contain bilirubin
- D. When they begin to dissolve
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Gallstones become most problematic when they block a duct, such as the bile duct or cystic duct. This blockage can lead to various complications, including inflammation, infection, and even damage to the gallbladder or liver. In severe cases, a blocked duct can cause intense pain, jaundice, and other serious symptoms that require medical intervention. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the presence of cholesterol or bilirubin in gallstones or the process of dissolution do not necessarily indicate when gallstones become most problematic. The critical issue arises when the stones obstruct a duct, leading to complications.
4. Which bones do the rotator cuff help to stabilize?
- A. Radius and humerus
- B. Scapula and clavicle
- C. Humerus and scapula
- D. Ulna and radius
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Humerus and scapula. The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that help stabilize the shoulder joint. Specifically, the rotator cuff muscles help to stabilize the head of the humerus (the upper arm bone) within the shallow socket of the scapula (shoulder blade). This stabilizing action is crucial for maintaining shoulder joint function and preventing injuries. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the rotator cuff primarily stabilizes the humerus and scapula, not the radius, ulna, or clavicle.
5. Which is another name for thiamine?
- A. Vitamin B1
- B. Vitamin B2
- C. Vitamin B6
- D. Vitamin D
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Thiamine is another name for Vitamin B1. It is an essential vitamin that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and is important for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Vitamin B2 is riboflavin, not thiamine. Vitamin B6 is pyridoxine, not thiamine. Vitamin D is a different vitamin responsible for calcium absorption and bone health, not thiamine. Therefore, the correct answer is Vitamin B1.
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