HESI A2
HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology 2023
1. Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for fighting infections?
- A. Red blood cells
- B. White blood cells
- C. Platelets
- D. Plasma
Correct answer: B
Rationale: White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, play a crucial role in the immune system by primarily combating infections. These cells can identify and destroy pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, helping the body defend against illnesses and maintain overall health. Red blood cells are responsible for oxygen transport, platelets aid in blood clotting, and plasma carries various components throughout the circulatory system, but none of these functions involve fighting infections like white blood cells do.
2. Which gland is known as the 'master gland' of the body?
- A. Thyroid gland
- B. Adrenal gland
- C. Pituitary gland
- D. Pineal gland
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The pituitary gland, often referred to as the 'master gland,' controls the release of hormones from other endocrine glands in the body. It secretes various hormones that regulate many bodily functions, making it a central and vital component of the endocrine system. The thyroid gland (Choice A) regulates metabolism, the adrenal gland (Choice B) produces hormones like adrenaline, and the pineal gland (Choice D) secretes melatonin, but none of these glands are considered the 'master gland' that controls the functions of other endocrine glands.
3. Which hormone is involved in the fight or flight response?
- A. Cortisol
- B. Adrenaline
- C. Thyroxine
- D. Melatonin
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenaline. Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is the hormone involved in the fight or flight response. It is released by the adrenal glands, preparing the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and mobilizing energy stores. Choice A, Cortisol, is a hormone released in response to stress but is not directly involved in the fight or flight response. Choice C, Thyroxine, is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism and growth, not specifically associated with the fight or flight response. Choice D, Melatonin, is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and is not involved in the fight or flight response.
4. What is a primary function of the skeletal system?
- A. Production of red blood cells
- B. Support and protection
- C. Secretion of hormones
- D. Regulation of body temperature
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Support and protection. The primary functions of the skeletal system include providing structural support to the body and protecting internal organs. While the skeletal system also plays a role in hematopoiesis (production of blood cells) and stores minerals, its main function is to support the body's framework and protect vital organs. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not directly relate to the primary functions of the skeletal system.
5. Which part of the brain is involved in processing visual information?
- A. Frontal lobe
- B. Parietal lobe
- C. Occipital lobe
- D. Temporal lobe
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The occipital lobe, located at the back of the brain, is primarily responsible for processing visual information received from the eyes. It plays a crucial role in interpreting and making sense of the visual stimuli perceived by the eyes, such as shapes, colors, and movement. This region is essential for visual perception and is specialized for processing and analyzing visual input, making it the correct answer. The frontal lobe is primarily involved in higher cognitive functions like decision-making and problem-solving, not visual processing. The parietal lobe is more related to sensory processes and spatial awareness, while the temporal lobe is primarily involved in processing auditory information and memory, not visual processing.
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