Nursing Elites

1. What information does a genotype provide that a phenotype does not?

• A. The genotype necessarily includes the proteins coded for by its alleles.
• B. The genotype will always display an organism's recessive alleles.
• C. The genotype must include the organism's physical characteristics.
• D. The genotype indicates what an organism's parents looked like.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The genotype provides information about the specific genetic makeup of an organism, including the alleles it possesses for a particular trait. This information is not always directly reflected in the phenotype, which is the observable physical characteristics of an organism. The genotype determines the proteins coded for by its alleles, but the phenotype is the expression of those proteins in the organism's traits. Therefore, the genotype necessarily includes the proteins coded for by its alleles, a detail not provided solely by the phenotype.\nChoice B is incorrect because the genotype may include dominant alleles as well, not just recessive ones. Choice C is incorrect because the genotype refers to genetic information, not physical characteristics. Choice D is incorrect because the genotype does not directly indicate what an organism's parents looked like; it primarily describes the genetic information inherited from parents.

2. Which of the following bones belongs to the category of long bones?

• A. Femur
• B. Ribs and cranial bones
• C. Sesamoid
• D. Vertebrae and hip bones

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Femur. Long bones are characterized by their elongated shape, with examples including the femur, humerus, and tibia. These bones are essential for support, movement, and bone marrow production. Choice B, 'Ribs and cranial bones,' consists of flat bones, not long bones. Choice C, 'Sesamoid,' refers to small bones embedded within tendons and do not fall under the category of long bones. Choice D, 'Vertebrae and hip bones,' includes irregular bones that provide structural support and protection for vital organs, but they are not classified as long bones.

3. Which of the following best describes one of the roles of RNA?

• A. Manufacturing the proteins needed from DNA
• B. Creating the bonds between the elements that make up DNA
• C. Sending messages about the correct sequence of proteins in DNA
• D. Forming the identifiable double helix shape of DNA

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. RNA serves as a messenger that carries instructions from DNA for protein synthesis. It does not manufacture proteins directly from DNA (choice A), create bonds within DNA (choice B), or form the double helix structure of DNA (choice D). Therefore, the primary role of RNA is to convey information about the correct sequence of proteins to be synthesized based on the DNA sequences it receives.

4. What is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for higher functions like thinking, memory, and learning?

• A. Brainstem
• B. Cerebellum
• C. Cerebrum
• D. Thalamus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The cerebrum is the correct answer. It is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for higher functions like thinking, memory, and learning. The brainstem (option A) is responsible for basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate, not higher cognitive functions. The cerebellum (option B) is responsible for coordination and balance, not higher cognitive functions. The thalamus (option D) acts as a relay station for sensory information, but it is not the largest part of the brain nor responsible for higher cognitive functions.

5. What is the formula to calculate work?

• A. Work = Force × Distance
• B. Work = Mass × Velocity
• C. Work = Power × Time
• D. Work = Energy ÷ Time

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Work is defined as the product of the force applied to an object and the distance over which the force is applied. The formula to calculate work is represented by Work = Force × Distance, where force is the applied force on an object and distance is the displacement over which the force is applied. Therefore, the correct formula to calculate work is Work = Force × Distance. Choice B, 'Work = Mass × Velocity,' is incorrect because work involves force and distance, not mass and velocity. Choice C, 'Work = Power × Time,' is incorrect because work is not directly calculated using power and time. Choice D, 'Work = Energy ÷ Time,' is incorrect because work is not typically calculated by dividing energy by time; rather, it involves the product of force and distance.

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