Nursing Elites

1. What does the term 'colligative property' refer to in solutions?

• A. Properties that depend on the nature of the solute particles
• B. Properties that depend on the concentration of solute particles
• C. Properties that depend on the temperature of the solution
• D. Properties that depend on the pressure of the solution

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Colligative properties are properties of a solution that depend on the concentration of solute particles, regardless of the identity of the solute. These properties include lowering the vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, and osmotic pressure. The concentration of solute particles affects these properties, not the nature, temperature, or pressure of the solution. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer as it accurately reflects the definition of colligative properties. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because colligative properties are not based on the nature, temperature, or pressure of the solute, but rather on the concentration of solute particles in the solution.

2. What is the name for the process where a solid changes directly into a gas?

• A. Evaporation
• B. Sublimation
• C. Condensation
• D. Melting

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Sublimation is the process by which a solid directly transforms into a gas without passing through the liquid phase. This occurs when the atmospheric pressure is lower than the vapor pressure of the solid, causing it to transition to a gas state. Choice A, evaporation, is the process where a liquid changes into a gas, not a solid. Choice C, condensation, is the opposite process where gas changes into a liquid. Choice D, melting, is the process where a solid changes into a liquid, not a gas.

3. Water is considered a universal solvent due to its ____.

• A. Cohesion
• B. Adhesion
• C. Molarity
• D. Dilution

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adhesion. Water's polarity allows it to dissolve many substances due to its ability to adhere to and interact with other molecules, making it an effective solvent. Cohesion refers to water molecules sticking together, molarity is a measure of concentration, and dilution refers to the process of reducing the concentration of a solute in a solution, none of which directly relate to water's role as a universal solvent.

4. During inhalation, which muscle contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. Intercostal muscles
• C. Abdominal muscles
• D. Pectoral muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation. When it contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs. While the intercostal muscles also play a role in expanding the chest cavity during inhalation, the diaphragm is the main muscle involved in this process. Abdominal muscles and pectoral muscles are not directly involved in the process of inhalation.

5. Which of the following is a cluster of capillaries that functions as the main filter of the blood entering the kidney?

• A. The Bowman's capsule
• B. The Loop of Henle
• C. The glomerulus
• D. The nephron

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a cluster of capillaries in the kidney responsible for filtering blood as it enters the nephron. It plays a crucial role in the initial stages of urine formation by filtering waste products and excess substances from the blood. Choice A, the Bowman's capsule, is incorrect as it surrounds the glomerulus and captures the filtrate. Choice B, the Loop of Henle, is incorrect as it is part of the nephron responsible for water reabsorption. Choice D, the nephron, is incorrect as it comprises the functional unit of the kidney and includes the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and other structures.

Similar Questions