Nursing Elites

1. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting which neurotransmitter?

• A. Dopamine
• B. Acetylcholine
• C. Serotonin
• D. Glutamate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in coordinating movement. The reduction of dopamine levels leads to the characteristic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Choice B, acetylcholine, is involved in functions like muscle contraction and autonomic nervous system regulation but is not primarily affected in Parkinson's disease. Serotonin (Choice C) is involved in mood regulation and sleep, not the main neurotransmitter affected in Parkinson's disease. Glutamate (Choice D) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is not primarily implicated in Parkinson's disease pathophysiology.

2. Mrs. Jones's class is conducting an experiment. They will substitute artificial sweetener for sugar in a cookie recipe to determine the effect on the overall color of the baked cookies. Which of the following should be included in the instructions for the experiment?

• A. When preparing the batch that includes artificial sweetener, 20% more water should be included.
• B. The bake temperature should be decreased from 425°F to 400°F.
• C. The batch with artificial sweetener should be baked on a stainless steel sheet.
• D. Ingredient proportions, bake time, bake temperature, and cookie sheet material should all be kept the same between the two batches.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: To ensure a valid comparison and isolate the impact of the artificial sweetener, the experiment should maintain consistency in all factors except the sugar substitution. By keeping ingredient proportions, bake time, bake temperature, and cookie sheet material the same, any observed differences in the color of the cookies can be attributed to the artificial sweetener rather than other variables. Choices A, B, and C introduce additional variables that could confound the results. Choice A would alter the consistency of the recipe by adjusting the water content, Choice B would introduce a change in baking temperature which could affect the outcome, and Choice C suggests a change in the type of baking sheet used, potentially impacting the baking process and results. Therefore, maintaining consistency in all other factors except for the sugar substitution is crucial for a reliable experiment.

3. In order to verify if a particular drug is responsible for the recovery of individuals with a disorder, what procedure would be most effective in testing its effectiveness?

• A. Ensure that neither the subjects nor the investigators know which subjects are given the drug and which are given the placebo.
• B. Ensure that the subjects do not know whether they are given the drug or the placebo, but the investigators are aware of who has received the medication.
• C. Ensure that the investigators do not know whether they are administering the drug or the placebo, but the subjects do know which they are receiving.
• D. Ensure that both the investigators and the subjects have full knowledge of which subjects are getting the drug and which are getting a placebo.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The most effective procedure in testing whether the drug is responsible for the recovery is to ensure that neither the subjects nor the investigators know which subjects are given the drug and which are given the placebo. This method is known as a double-blind study, which helps eliminate biases and ensures that the results are reliable and not influenced by expectations or beliefs. By keeping both the subjects and investigators unaware of who is receiving the drug or placebo, the study can accurately determine the true impact of the drug on recovery. Choice B is incorrect as it only prevents the subjects from knowing which treatment they are receiving, allowing for potential bias from the investigators. Choice C is also incorrect as it allows for potential bias from the subjects. Choice D is incorrect as full knowledge of treatment allocation can introduce bias and affect the study's validity.

4. Where is the scaphoid bone located in the body?

• A. Wrist
• B. Shoulder
• C. Spine
• D. Face

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Wrist. The scaphoid bone is one of the carpal bones located in the wrist. It is a small boat-shaped bone that is frequently involved in wrist injuries, such as falls onto an outstretched hand resulting in a scaphoid fracture. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as the scaphoid bone is not located in the shoulder, spine, or face. Understanding the anatomical location of bones is crucial for diagnosing and treating injuries accurately.

5. Salts like sodium iodide (NaI) and potassium chloride (KCl) use what type of bond?

• A. Ionic bonds
• B. Disulfide bridges
• C. Covalent bonds
• D. London dispersion forces

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Salts like sodium iodide (NaI) and potassium chloride (KCl) use ionic bonds. Ionic bonds are formed between atoms with significantly different electronegativities, leading to the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. In the case of NaI and KCl, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are metals that easily lose electrons to become positively charged ions, while iodide (I) and chloride (Cl) are nonmetals that readily accept electrons to become negatively charged ions. The attraction between the oppositely charged ions forms the ionic bond, which holds the compound together in a lattice structure. Disulfide bridges (option B) are covalent bonds formed between sulfur atoms in proteins, not in salts. Covalent bonds (option C) involve the sharing of electrons between atoms and are typically seen in molecules, not ionic compounds like salts. London dispersion forces (option D) are weak intermolecular forces that occur between all types of molecules but are not the primary type of bond in salts like NaI and KCl.

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