Nursing Elites

1. How do vaccines stimulate the immune system to develop memory without causing full-blown illness? What type of molecule in a vaccine typically triggers the immune response?

• A. Toxins produced by the pathogen
• B. Live, attenuated (weakened) forms of the pathogen
• C. Inactivated (dead) forms of the pathogen
• D. Antigens (specific molecules) from the pathogen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Vaccines work by triggering the immune system to develop memory without causing illness. They typically contain antigens, which are specific molecules from the pathogen. These antigens stimulate the immune system to produce a targeted immune response without causing full-blown sickness. By presenting these antigens, vaccines help the immune system create memory cells that remember the pathogen. This memory allows the immune system to respond more effectively if it encounters the pathogen in the future. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because vaccines do not typically contain toxins, live pathogens, or inactivated forms of the pathogen. Instead, vaccines primarily rely on specific molecules (antigens) to induce an immune response.

2. In a chemical reaction, the total amount of:

• A. Matter remains the same
• B. Matter increases
• C. Matter decreases
• D. Energy remains the same

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, only rearranged. This principle implies that the total amount of matter before and after a chemical reaction must remain constant, supporting the correct answer choice A. Choice B is incorrect because the total amount of matter does not increase in a chemical reaction; it is conserved. Choice C is incorrect as the total amount of matter does not decrease in a chemical reaction; it is conserved. Choice D is incorrect since the conservation of energy is a different principle and does not directly relate to the total amount of matter in a chemical reaction.

3. Which skin condition is characterized by patches of inflamed, reddened skin and is often triggered by allergens or stress?

• A. Eczema
• B. Psoriasis
• C. Acne
• D. Vitiligo

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Eczema is the correct answer. It presents as patches of inflamed, reddened skin and can be triggered by allergens, stress, or other factors. Psoriasis, on the other hand, is characterized by red, scaly patches rather than inflamed and reddened skin. Acne manifests as pimples and blemishes, not patches of inflamed skin. Vitiligo is characterized by the loss of skin color in patches, which is distinct from the symptoms described in the question.

4. What do large intestines absorb?

• A. Water, sodium, and potassium ions
• B. Proteins and carbohydrates
• C. Water, vitamin K, and bile salts
• D. Vitamins A, D, E, K

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. The large intestine absorbs water, vitamin K, bile salts, sodium, and chloride ions. It helps in maintaining the body's water and electrolyte balance, and also plays a role in absorbing certain vitamins and nutrients such as vitamin K. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins A, D, E, and K are primarily absorbed in the small intestine, not the large intestine.

5. What is the significance of a healthy gut microbiome?

• A. Production of digestive enzymes
• B. Boosting the immune system and nutrient synthesis
• C. Breakdown of complex carbohydrates
• D. Regulation of appetite

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A healthy gut microbiome plays a crucial role in boosting the immune system by defending against harmful pathogens, synthesizing essential nutrients like vitamins, aiding in the digestion of certain foods, and maintaining overall gut health. While the gut microbiome does contribute to the breakdown of complex carbohydrates and regulation of appetite, its significance extends beyond these functions to include immune support and nutrient synthesis. Choice A, production of digestive enzymes, is not the primary significance of a healthy gut microbiome. Choice C is a function related to the gut microbiome but is not the sole significance. Choice D, regulation of appetite, is important but not as central as the immune system support and nutrient synthesis provided by a healthy gut microbiome.

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