Nursing Elites

1. Through what tubes does urine travel from the kidneys to the bladder?

• A. Urethra
• B. Ureters
• C. Renal arteries
• D. Renal veins

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Ureters.' The ureters are the tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The urethra, not a choice in this question, is the tube responsible for carrying urine from the bladder out of the body. Renal arteries and veins are blood vessels that respectively supply and drain the kidneys, not involved in the transport of urine to the bladder.

2. Which of the following organelles is responsible for food and water storage in the cell?

• A. Centriole
• B. Lysosome
• C. Ribosome
• D. Vacuole

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Vacuole. Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles responsible for the storage of various substances such as food, water, and waste in a cell. They help maintain the cell's turgidity and regulate the movement of substances within the cell. Choice A, Centriole, is involved in cell division and organization of microtubules but not food and water storage. Choice B, Lysosome, contains digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste material and foreign invaders. Choice C, Ribosome, is involved in protein synthesis rather than storage of food and water.

3. Which of the following structures is found in the nucleus of a cell?

• A. Mitochondria
• B. Endoplasmic reticulum
• C. Chromosomes
• D. Ribosomes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Chromosomes, which contain genetic information, are found in the nucleus of a cell. They play a crucial role in cell division, gene expression, and inheritance. Mitochondria, responsible for energy production, are located in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum is mainly involved in protein and lipid synthesis and is not a component of the nucleus. Ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis, are found in the cytoplasm and on the endoplasmic reticulum, but not in the nucleus.

4. Which type of reaction builds larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy?

• A. Catabolic reaction
• B. Anabolic reaction
• C. Exothermic reaction
• D. Hydrolytic reaction

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Anabolic reaction.' Anabolic reactions involve the synthesis of larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones, requiring an input of energy, often in the form of ATP. These reactions are essential for processes like growth, repair, and the building of cellular structures. Catabolic reactions, on the other hand, break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy. Exothermic reactions release heat, while hydrolytic reactions involve the breakdown of molecules with the addition of water. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not describe the process of building larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones with the requirement of energy.

5. How many moles of water are produced when 0.5 moles of methane (CH4) react with excess oxygen?

• A. 0.5 moles
• B. 1 mole
• C. 2 moles
• D. 3 moles

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of methane is: CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O. This equation shows that 1 mole of methane produces 2 moles of water. Therefore, when 0.5 moles of methane react, they will produce 1 mole of water. The ratio of water to methane is 2:1, meaning that for every mole of methane that reacts, it produces 2 moles of water. Since only 0.5 moles of methane are reacting, the amount of water produced will be half of what would be produced if 1 mole of methane reacted, resulting in 1 mole of water being produced. Choice A is incorrect because it does not consider the stoichiometry of the reaction. Choices C and D are incorrect as they do not align with the balanced chemical equation and the stoichiometric ratios involved in the reaction.

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