Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following are the products of anaerobic respiration in humans?

• A. Ethyl alcohol and CO2
• B. Ethyl alcohol only
• C. Lactic acid and CO2
• D. Lactic acid only

Correct answer: C

Rationale: During anaerobic respiration in humans, lactic acid and CO2 are produced. Choice A, 'Ethyl alcohol and CO2,' is incorrect because ethyl alcohol is not a product of anaerobic respiration in humans. Choice B, 'Ethyl alcohol only,' is incorrect as ethyl alcohol is not a product of anaerobic respiration in humans. Choice D, 'Lactic acid only,' is incorrect because CO2 is also a product of anaerobic respiration in humans.

2. When calcium chloride (CaCl2) dissolves in water, it separates into its ions (Ca2+ and Cl-). This is an example of:

• A. Chemical change
• B. Physical change
• C. Precipitation
• D. Neutralization

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When calcium chloride dissolves in water, it separates into its ions without forming a new substance, which is characteristic of a physical change. A physical change involves alterations in the substance's physical properties without changing its chemical composition. In this scenario, the chemical formula of calcium chloride remains unchanged, and only its physical state changes by creating ions in the solution. Therefore, the dissolution of calcium chloride in water is an example of a physical change. Choice A, 'Chemical change,' is incorrect because no new substances are formed during the dissolution process. Choice C, 'Precipitation,' is incorrect as precipitation involves the formation of an insoluble solid when two solutions react. Choice D, 'Neutralization,' is incorrect as it refers to a reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water, which is not the case in the given scenario.

3. Which type of energy is associated with the random motion of particles in a substance?

• A. Potential energy
• B. Mechanical energy
• C. Thermal energy
• D. Chemical energy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Thermal energy is the correct answer as it is associated with the random motion of particles in a substance. When particles move randomly, they generate heat energy, which is a form of thermal energy. Potential energy is stored energy that can be converted into other forms when released, such as kinetic energy. Mechanical energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy in an object, which is not directly related to the random motion of particles. Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds and is not specifically related to the motion of particles.

4. When sugar is heated, it breaks down into carbon and water vapor. This is an example of a:

• A. Combination reaction
• B. Decomposition reaction
• C. Double displacement reaction
• D. Single displacement reaction

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Decomposition reaction. When sugar is heated, it undergoes a decomposition reaction where it breaks down into simpler substances, carbon, and water vapor. In a decomposition reaction, a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. This process is the opposite of a combination reaction where two or more substances combine to form a new compound. Choice A, Combination reaction, is incorrect because a combination reaction involves the combination of two or more substances to form a new compound, which is the opposite of what happens when sugar breaks down. Choices C and D, Double displacement reaction and Single displacement reaction, are incorrect as they involve different mechanisms where the atoms or ions of the reactants are exchanged, which is not the case in the breakdown of sugar into carbon and water vapor.

5. What is the outermost protective layer of the kidney?

• A. Renal cortex
• B. Renal medulla
• C. Renal capsule
• D. Renal pelvis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Renal capsule. The renal capsule is the outermost protective layer of the kidney. It is a tough fibrous layer that surrounds the kidney and helps protect it from injury and maintain its shape. Choice A, Renal cortex, is the outer region of the kidney where filtration occurs. Choice B, Renal medulla, is the inner region of the kidney where urine is formed. Choice D, Renal pelvis, is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the kidney and funnels it into the ureter. Therefore, the renal capsule is specifically designated as the outermost protective layer of the kidney.

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