Nursing Elites

1. The process by which a single-celled organism divides into two identical daughter cells is called

• A. Conjugation
• B. Binary fission
• C. Endocytosis
• D. Mitosis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: A) Conjugation is a process in which genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells through a conjugation tube. It does not involve the division of a single-celled organism into two identical daughter cells. B) Binary fission is the process by which a single-celled organism, such as a bacterium, divides into two identical daughter cells. This is a common method of reproduction in prokaryotic organisms. C) Endocytosis is a cellular process in which cells engulf external materials by wrapping them in a vesicle. It is not a method of cell division. D) Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells, leading to the production of two daughter cells with identical genetic material. However, the question specifically refers to a single-celled organism, which typically undergoes binary fission for reproduction.

2. What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

• A. To fight infection
• B. To transport oxygen
• C. To regulate body functions through hormones
• D. To break down food

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'To regulate body functions through hormones.' The endocrine system is responsible for producing and secreting hormones that help regulate various body functions such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood. It does not primarily function to fight infection (A), transport oxygen (B), or break down food (D). While the immune system fights infection, the respiratory system transports oxygen, and the digestive system breaks down food, the main role of the endocrine system is to maintain homeostasis by coordinating and controlling bodily functions through the release of hormones.

3. Which of the following components of the human integumentary system is the deepest?

• A. Stratum basale
• B. Epidermis
• C. Hypodermis
• D. Dermis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The hypodermis is the deepest layer of the integumentary system, located below the dermis. It serves as a layer of fat that helps insulate the body, store energy, and provide cushioning. The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis, not the entire integumentary system. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, followed by the dermis, and then the hypodermis. Therefore, the correct answer is the hypodermis (choice C). Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the deepest layer of the integumentary system.

4. Which term refers to the condition where a muscle shortens in length while generating force, leading to movement at a joint?

• A. Isometric contraction
• B. Eccentric contraction
• C. Isotonic contraction
• D. Concentric contraction

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Concentric contraction refers to the condition where a muscle shortens in length while generating force, leading to movement at a joint. This type of contraction is commonly associated with the lifting phase of an exercise where the muscle is actively shortening against resistance. Isometric contraction (Choice A) involves muscle contraction without a change in muscle length, Eccentric contraction (Choice B) involves the muscle lengthening while generating force, and Isotonic contraction (Choice C) refers to muscle contraction against a constant load with a change in muscle length.

5. Which of the following correctly identifies a difference between the primary and secondary immune response?

• A. In the secondary response, macrophages migrate to the lymph nodes to present the foreign microorganism to helper T lymphocytes.
• B. The humoral immunity that characterizes the primary response is coordinated by B lymphocytes.
• C. The primary response is quicker and more powerful than the secondary response.
• D. Suppressor T cells are activated in the secondary response to prevent an overactive immune response.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. The primary immune response is slower and less powerful compared to the secondary immune response. During the primary response, immune cells encounter the antigen for the first time, necessitating the activation and proliferation of specific immune cells. In contrast, the secondary response benefits from memory cells that quickly recognize the antigen, enabling a faster and more potent immune response. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. While macrophages play a role in presenting antigens to T cells, this is not a defining difference between primary and secondary responses. Humoral immunity involves B lymphocytes in both primary and secondary responses, so it does not differentiate the two. Suppressor T cells primarily function to regulate the immune response but are not a key factor distinguishing primary from secondary responses.

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