Nursing Elites

1. After water absorption in the large intestine, what waste product remains and is eventually eliminated from the body?

• A. Chyme
• B. Bolus
• C. Glucose
• D. Feces

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Feces. After the large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes from digested food material, the waste product that remains is feces. Feces consist of undigested food material, bacteria, and waste products that were not absorbed by the body. Choice A, Chyme, is incorrect as chyme is a semi-fluid mass of partially digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine. Choice B, Bolus, is incorrect as bolus refers to a rounded mass of food that is swallowed. Choice C, Glucose, is incorrect as glucose is a simple sugar that serves as a vital energy source for the body and is not a waste product in this context.

2. What is the purpose of a catalyst?

• A. To increase a reaction rate by increasing the activation energy
• B. To increase a reaction rate by increasing the temperature
• C. To increase a reaction rate by decreasing the activation energy
• D. To increase a reaction rate by decreasing the temperature

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The purpose of a catalyst is to increase a reaction's rate by decreasing the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. This allows the reaction to proceed more quickly without being consumed in the process. The catalyst provides an alternate mechanism with a lower activation energy, making it easier for the reactants to convert into products. Choice A is incorrect because a catalyst lowers, not increases, the activation energy. Choice B is incorrect because a catalyst does not affect the temperature directly but provides an alternative pathway for the reaction to occur more easily. Choice D is incorrect because a catalyst does not lower the temperature but facilitates the reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier. Therefore, the correct answer is C, 'To increase a reaction rate by decreasing the activation energy.'

3. What is the role of the spindle apparatus in cell division?

• A. To separate sister chromatids
• B. To move chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell
• C. To form a new nuclear envelope around each daughter cell
• D. To synthesize new DNA

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The spindle apparatus, composed of microtubules, plays a crucial role in cell division (mitosis and meiosis) by ensuring proper chromosome separation and distribution to opposite poles of the cell. This segregation is vital for creating two genetically identical daughter cells in mitosis or four haploid daughter cells in meiosis. Choice A is incorrect because the separation of sister chromatids is specifically carried out by kinetochore fibers within the spindle apparatus. Choice C is inaccurate as the formation of a new nuclear envelope occurs post chromosome segregation. Choice D is incorrect as DNA synthesis does not occur within the spindle apparatus; it takes place during the S phase of the cell cycle.

4. Lymph nodes, found along lymphatic vessels, are important for:

• A. Storing blood
• B. Producing antibodies
• C. Filtering lymph and trapping harmful substances
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Lymph nodes are essential for filtering lymph and trapping harmful substances. They are a vital part of the immune system as they remove pathogens and harmful substances from the lymph before it returns to the bloodstream. Lymph nodes do not store blood or produce antibodies, making choice C the correct answer. Choice A is incorrect because lymph nodes do not store blood; they primarily filter lymph. Choice B is incorrect as lymph nodes do not produce antibodies; that function is mainly carried out by specialized cells within the immune system. Choice D is incorrect as lymph nodes do not perform all the functions listed, making it an incorrect answer.

5. Which of the following factors would NOT affect the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent?

• A. Temperature
• B. Pressure
• C. Particle size
• D. Nature of the solute and solvent

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pressure does not typically affect the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent. Solubility is primarily influenced by factors such as temperature, particle size, and the nature of the solute and solvent. Increasing pressure generally has a minimal effect on the solubility of solids in liquids. The impact of pressure on solubility is more significant for gases in liquids rather than solids in liquids. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Options A, C, and D directly impact the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent. Temperature affects the solubility as it changes the kinetic energy of particles, particle size can impact the surface area available for interaction between solute and solvent, and the nature of the solute and solvent influences their intermolecular interactions and compatibility.

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