Nursing Elites

1. The framework of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons that provides structure, support, and facilitates movement is part of the:

• A. Muscular system
• B. Skeletal system
• C. Nervous system
• D. Endocrine system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons that work together to provide structure, support, protection for internal organs, and facilitate movement. It is responsible for supporting the body's framework and protecting vital organs. The muscular system (option A) consists of muscles that work with the skeletal system to produce movement but does not include bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. The nervous system (option C) is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body to control movement and other functions. The endocrine system (option D) is a collection of glands that produce hormones to regulate various bodily functions but is not primarily involved in structure, support, and movement as the skeletal system is.

2. Which is the correct order of formed elements in blood from smallest to largest cell size?

• A. Erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and leukocytes
• B. Thrombocytes, leukocytes, and erythrocytes
• C. Thrombocytes, erythrocytes, and leukocytes
• D. Leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct order of formed elements in blood from smallest to largest cell size is thrombocytes (platelets), erythrocytes (red blood cells), and leukocytes (white blood cells), making choice C the correct answer. Thrombocytes are the smallest, followed by erythrocytes, and then leukocytes. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the correct order of cell size in blood formed elements.

3. What is the energy required to break a chemical bond called?

• A. Kinetic energy
• B. Potential energy
• C. Activation energy
• D. Bond energy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Activation energy is the energy required to break a chemical bond and initiate a chemical reaction. It is the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction by breaking bonds in the reactant molecules. Kinetic energy (option A) is the energy of motion and is not directly related to breaking chemical bonds. Potential energy (option B) is stored energy that can be converted into other forms of energy but is not specifically about breaking chemical bonds. Bond energy (option D) refers to the energy required to break a particular chemical bond in a molecule and is not the general term for the energy needed to break any chemical bond. Activation energy is crucial in determining the rate of a chemical reaction as it affects the probability of reactant molecules colliding with sufficient energy to surpass the energy barrier and form products.

4. Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?

• A. To produce digestive enzymes
• B. To filter waste from the blood
• C. To produce white blood cells
• D. To produce red blood cells

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To filter waste from the blood.' The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, and producing urine. Choice A is incorrect because the production of digestive enzymes primarily occurs in the pancreas and salivary glands. Choice C is incorrect as the production of white blood cells mainly takes place in the bone marrow and lymphatic system. Choice D is incorrect as the production of red blood cells occurs in the bone marrow.

5. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissues. What is a potential cause of autoimmune diseases?

• A. Deficiency in essential vitamins and minerals
• B. Exposure to environmental toxins
• C. Breakdown in immune cell self-tolerance mechanisms
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Autoimmune diseases result from a breakdown in immune cell self-tolerance mechanisms, leading to the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy body tissues. While deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals or exposure to environmental toxins can impact overall health, they are not direct causes of autoimmune diseases. Deficiency in essential vitamins and minerals may weaken the immune system, making it more susceptible to various health issues but does not directly cause autoimmune diseases. Exposure to environmental toxins can trigger immune responses, but autoimmune diseases specifically stem from the breakdown of self-tolerance mechanisms within immune cells. Therefore, the correct answer is a breakdown in immune cell self-tolerance mechanisms.

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