Nursing Elites

1. Which structure protects the lungs?

• A. Femur
• B. Ribcage
• C. Scapula
• D. Skull

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The ribcage is the correct answer. It protects the lungs by providing structural support and shielding them from injury. The femur is a bone in the thigh and does not protect the lungs. The scapula is a shoulder blade bone, and the skull protects the brain, not the lungs.

2. Identify the function NOT attributed to the lymphatic system.

• A. Fluid drainage from tissues
• B. Immune response via white blood cell production
• C. Nutrient transport throughout the body
• D. Waste removal through lymph nodes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Fluid drainage from tissues: This function is attributed to the lymphatic system. Lymphatic vessels collect excess fluid from tissues and return it to the bloodstream. B) Immune response via white blood cell production: The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the body's immune response by producing and transporting white blood cells, such as lymphocytes, which help fight infections. C) Nutrient transport throughout the body: Nutrient transport is primarily carried out by the circulatory system (blood vessels), not the lymphatic system. The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells and removes waste products. D) Waste removal through lymph nodes: The lymphatic system helps remove waste and toxins from the body by filtering lymph through lymph nodes, where harmful substances are trapped and destroyed by immune cells. Therefore, the function NOT attributed to the lymphatic system is C) Nutrient transport throughout the body.

3. Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling involuntary actions like breathing and heart rate?

• A. Cerebellum
• B. Medulla oblongata
• C. Cerebrum
• D. Thalamus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Medulla oblongata. This region of the brain is located in the brainstem and is responsible for controlling vital autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. The Cerebellum (Choice A) is primarily involved in coordination and balance. The Cerebrum (Choice C) is responsible for higher brain functions like thinking and voluntary muscle movement. The Thalamus (Choice D) acts as a relay station for sensory information but is not primarily responsible for controlling involuntary actions like breathing and heart rate.

4. What property of a substance remains constant regardless of changes in its shape or size?

• A. Mass
• B. Weight
• C. Density
• D. Volume

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and remains constant regardless of changes in its shape or size. Weight, density, and volume can all change depending on the conditions, but mass remains the same. For example, if you have a piece of clay and you shape it into a ball or flatten it into a pancake, the amount of clay (mass) will remain the same, even though the shape and size have changed. Weight is the force acting on an object due to gravity, which can vary depending on the gravitational pull. Density is the mass per unit volume, so it changes with variations in volume. Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object, which can change if the shape or size of the object is altered.

5. Which bones are included in the axial skeleton?

• A. Head, neck, and trunk
• B. Arms and legs
• C. Hands and feet
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Head, neck, and trunk. The axial skeleton comprises bones located in the head, neck, and trunk region, such as the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. These bones provide structural support and protect vital organs like the brain, spinal cord, and heart. Choices B and C are incorrect because arms, legs, hands, and feet are part of the appendicular skeleton, not the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton is responsible for movement, manipulation, and mobility, while the axial skeleton primarily provides central support and protection for essential organs.

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