Nursing Elites

1. Where is the ball-and-socket joint, allowing a wide range of motion, found?

• A. Upper arm (humerus) and shoulder blade (scapula)
• B. Collarbone (clavicle) and breastbone (sternum)
• C. Two vertebrae in the spine
• D. Ribs and sternum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The ball-and-socket joint is located between the upper arm (humerus) and the shoulder blade (scapula). This joint provides a wide range of motion, enabling movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. It plays a crucial role in various activities involving the shoulder joint, such as throwing, reaching overhead, and performing rotational movements. Choice B, the collarbone (clavicle) and breastbone (sternum), form the sternoclavicular joint, which is a synovial saddle joint. Choice C, two vertebrae in the spine, typically form gliding or facet joints. Choice D, ribs and sternum, are connected by cartilage, forming cartilaginous joints.

2. Identify the opposing muscle pair.

• A. Bicep and tricep (Arm flexion and extension)
• B. Hamstring and quadriceps (Knee extension and flexion)
• C. Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor (Chest muscles)
• D. Trapezius and deltoid (Shoulder movement)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. The bicep and tricep muscles form an antagonistic muscle pair, where one muscle contracts while the other relaxes. The bicep, located on the front of the upper arm, is responsible for arm flexion (bending the elbow), while the tricep, situated on the back of the upper arm, is responsible for arm extension (straightening the elbow). This opposing action allows for controlled movement at the elbow joint. Choice B, hamstring and quadriceps, are not opposing muscles in the context of the knee joint; the hamstring group flexes the knee, while the quadriceps group extends it. Choices C and D do not represent an opposing muscle pair related to joint movement.

3. Which part of the brainstem controls heart rate and breathing?

• A. Medulla oblongata
• B. Pons
• C. Midbrain
• D. Thalamus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The medulla oblongata is a critical part of the brainstem responsible for regulating essential functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It houses centers that oversee these involuntary processes, making it the correct answer. The pons, midbrain, and thalamus do not primarily control heart rate and breathing, thus making them incorrect choices for this question.

4. What term describes the maximum displacement of particles from their rest position in a wave?

• A. Frequency
• B. Wavelength
• C. Amplitude
• D. Velocity

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The term that describes the maximum displacement of particles from their rest position in a wave is called the amplitude. Amplitude is a measure of the strength or intensity of a wave and is represented by the height of the wave from the rest position to the crest (or trough) of the wave. Frequency (A) refers to the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time. Wavelength (B) is the distance between two consecutive crests (or troughs) of a wave. Velocity (D) is the speed of the wave, not the maximum displacement of particles from their rest position.

5. What is the formula for calculating molarity?

• A. M = n/V
• B. M = n/L
• C. M = mol/L
• D. M = mol/dm³

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct formula for calculating molarity is M = n/V. In this formula, 'M' represents molarity, 'n' represents the number of moles of solute, and 'V' represents the volume of the solution in liters. Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, hence the ratio of moles to volume. Choice B, 'M = n/L', is incorrect because 'L' should represent liters instead of the number of moles. Choice C, 'M = mol/L', is incorrect as it does not include the representation of the number of moles 'n'. Choice D, 'M = mol/dm³', is incorrect because 'dm³' is a volume unit equal to a liter, but the correct representation should be in terms of the volume of the solution in liters. Therefore, the correct answer is M = n/V.

Similar Questions