Nursing Elites

1. What information can be obtained from the mass number of an element?

• A. The number of protons in the nucleus
• B. The total number of protons and neutrons
• C. The number of electrons in the valence shell
• D. The element's chemical reactivity

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The mass number of an element represents the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. This information is crucial for determining the atomic mass of the element and understanding its stability and isotopes. The number of protons in the nucleus (option A) is represented by the atomic number, not the mass number. The number of electrons in the valence shell (option C) is related to the element's position in the periodic table and its chemical properties, but it is not directly determined by the mass number. The element's chemical reactivity (option D) is influenced by the number and arrangement of electrons in the atom's energy levels, not by the mass number.

2. What is the tough, fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone?

• A. Fascia
• B. Perimysium
• C. Tendon
• D. Ligament

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Tendons are the correct answer as they are the tough, fibrous connective tissues that attach muscle to bone. They play a crucial role in transmitting the forces generated by muscle contraction to the bones, facilitating movement. Fascia surrounds muscles and provides support, perimysium is the connective tissue sheath around muscle fibers, and ligaments connect bone to bone, stabilizing joints, which makes them distinct from tendons.

3. Which type of cells make up the myelin sheaths?

• A. Glial cells.
• B. Dendrites.
• C. Melanocytes.
• D. Squamous cells.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Glial cells. Glial cells are responsible for producing the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate nerve cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system are types of glial cells that form the myelin sheaths. Choice B, dendrites, are not involved in forming myelin sheaths; they are extensions of neurons that receive signals. Choice C, melanocytes, are cells responsible for producing melanin, not myelin. Choice D, squamous cells, are flat epithelial cells found in various tissues but are not involved in myelin sheath formation.

4. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody type, responsible for:

• A. Immediate allergic reactions
• B. Neutralizing toxins and viruses
• C. Activating other immune cells
• D. Protecting newborns from infections

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is indeed the most prevalent antibody type in the blood and tissue fluids. Its primary functions include neutralizing toxins and viruses, promoting phagocytosis, and activating the complement system. IgG plays a crucial role in long-term immunity and provides passive immunity to newborns by crossing the placenta, safeguarding them from infections. Immediate allergic reactions are mainly mediated by IgE, not IgG. While IgM is known for activating other immune cells, IgG focuses on other key functions within the immune response, such as neutralizing pathogens and enhancing phagocytosis. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as IgG is primarily involved in neutralizing toxins and viruses, rather than the other options presented.

5. What type of joint is found at the shoulder and hip, allowing for a wide range of motion?

• A. Hinge joint
• B. Ball-and-socket joint
• C. Pivot joint
• D. Saddle joint

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ball-and-socket joint. A ball-and-socket joint, like the ones found at the shoulder and hip, allows for a wide range of motion. These joints provide multidirectional movement due to the rounded end of one bone fitting into the cup-like socket of another bone, enabling flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Choice A, Hinge joint, is incorrect because hinge joints allow movement in one plane, like a door hinge, and do not provide the wide range of motion seen at the shoulder and hip. Choice C, Pivot joint, is incorrect because pivot joints allow rotation around a single axis, such as the neck, and do not provide the same range of motion as ball-and-socket joints. Choice D, Saddle joint, is incorrect as saddle joints allow movement in multiple directions but are not as versatile or allow as wide a range of motion as ball-and-socket joints.

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